Part of the mystery is solved and part not.

SOLVED:

The problem was that journal entries were not being stored on disk and
journalctl was not showing entries from memory.

The default Ubuntu config has settings  
Storage=auto
SplitMode=uid

Also, the directory /var/log/journal does not exist by default and does
not get created in Storage=auto mode. Creating the /var/log/journal
directory and restarting journald so that entries get stored to disk
fixes the problem.


NOT SOLVED:

It is still unclear why journalctl would display output when run from
the shell but not when run from systemd. It would seem that in a systemd
--user unit it could not access the in-memory logs.


I would suggest that the default Ubuntu install should have the 
/var/log/journal directory in place so that journalctl will work correctly 
out-of-the-box.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1810351

Title:
  journalctl fails to work inside systemd service

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