On Wed, 2 Mar 2005 10:27:52 -0800, durahman <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > sakantenan bae di 'kopi paste' ka dieu kang, karunya ka kuring nu teu bisa > online--kecuali saluhureun jam 18.00. Tapi ketang kuring geus boga > artikelna. Ieu kuring kopipastekung didieu (nu ieu sanes??). Mangga ka > balarea nu teu bisa konek ieu artikelna; > > ARTIKEL >
Mangga, ieu dicutatkeun. Namung: 1. punten teu ditarjamahkeun. 2. margi aya tanda (c) copyright sareng abdi teu acan gaduh widi kanggo ngopi, janten mung dicutatkeun bab I, II, sareng V. ----- http://members.tripod.com/~INUG/Kala.htm Sunda Calendar  Ali Sastramidjaja, 1991 I. Introduction My Name is Ali Sastramidjaja. I spend almost whole of my life exploring Sunda culture, including this calendar. Thanks to the Internet, so this calendar can be published worldwide easily. I will always open my mind to your critics, study, question or any discussion about these calendar and sunda culture. You will hardly to find Sunda area in an Indonesian's map. In reality the Sundanese live in the whole area of West Java (Jawa barat). Sundanese calendar research is not yet published. The rules were unknown until had refound by myself through the long period of research from 1983 until 1991, the year when both calendars patented. As long as I know, Sunda Calendar is the most accurate and finest (It never been corrected, since that calendar instituted) calendar system, especially Saka-sunda calendar (Sunda solar calendar system). I make a comprehensive study with Julian Calendar, Gregorius Calendar, and Islamic Calendar. There are two calendar systems that used in Sunda calendar, solar calendar system and lunar calendar system. They use both calendars simultaneously. I call them "Kala Sunda" or Sunda calendars. ----- http://members.tripod.com/~INUG/Saka.htm II. Saka - Sunda (Sunda - solar calendar system) 2.1 History The Sunda - solar calendar system named Saka (It sounds like India calendar: 'Saka', but I can give an explanation they are different in rules). Saka sunda calendar is a truly astronomical observation calendar. Karuhun Sunda (Ancient Sundanese) made a media to observe the relation between time marking and the Sun. They used lingga (a stone column) which a restricted area for ordinary people, because it should kept precise. Later, several historian wrote that lingga were taboo place. Lingga used to measure shadows caused by sunray either north or southly. My hypotheses are, they measured it day by day with harupat (a kind of stick from plants), and then cut it as long as shadow's length. They collected them sequentially. They had done it for very long time, until they found enough data to analyze, and then made a conclusion. Sundanese use this solar calendar in relation with seasons, planting and farming. 2.2 Rules The year ended when the Sun on the maximum south point (23.5o South Latitude). They are two types of year in saka sunda calendar, a common year (365 day per year) and a leap year (366 day per year). 1. The common year fall on years which undivisible by 4 (1,2,3,5,6,7,9,10,11,13,â) 2. The leap year fall on years which divisible by 4 (4,8,12,16,...) 3. But when that leap year fall on a year which divisible by 128 (128, 256, 512,...). It should not be a leap year, even it's divisible by 4 (It should be a common year with 365 day per year). With those rules we can make an accuration study; Number of days in 128 years period = (128 x 365) + (128 / 4) - 1 = 46751days Definitions: 128 x 365 = number of common year's day in 128 years 128 / 4 = number of day that added (in leap year) in 128 years -1= exception for year 128 (rules no. 3) Then we can count an average age or length of year: 46751 days / 128 years = 365.2421875 days/year (Notes: Because there are many new versions of 'Tropical year' numbers, and I still making a study of it, you can skip this section (24-08-98): When I made this research, I used an astronomical tropical number 365.2422 days/year. Then we can count the missing day in a year; 365.2422 - 365.2421875 = 0.0000125 day per year This number will be as many as 1 day in 80000 years. It means also, if we return the rule for year 80000 to a leap year (even it divisible by 128 (we ignored ruleNo.3)), we miss nothing in 80000 years long. I found the new 'tropical year' in the Internet (in websites written by Peter Meyer). It is 365.24218967 (I round it to 365.2421897) days. If we use these number, Saka-Sunda calendar miss just 0.0000022 day per year. It is amazingly accurate, because It does not need an intercalating any more, this number is almost nothing in term of day unit. In another words, we will need just '1 day' addition in year 454,545.4545. So, the judgement day will come earlier rather than an expiry date of this calendar! (jokes) 2.3 Months (with age/length in days) 1. Kasa 30 2. Karo 31 3. Katiga 30 4. Kapat 31 5. Kalima 30 6. Kanem 31 7. Kapitu 30 8. Kawalu 31 9. Kasanga 30 10. Kadasa 31 11. Desta or Hapitlemah 30 12. Sada or Hapitkayu 30 or 31 ---- http://members.tripod.com/~INUG/Caka.htm III. Caka Sunda Calendar (Sunda - lunar calendar system) ---- http://members.tripod.com/~INUG/Java-mat.html IV. Mataram Javanese Calendar ---- http://members.tripod.com/~INUG/Concl.htm IV. Conclusion Sunda calendar is truly reliable. The numbers that show up are definitely reasonable. Because of that, we might have another thinking, that Sunda calendar should be long enough to reach its consistency. It should be an old calendar, because as we have already known, it is not easy to make any calendars either precision or practical in use. Sundanese calendar is only one example. There are others 'unknown' Sundanese culture that we try to explore. We never stop to rediscover products of our ancient civilization that might have be a good contribution for both present time and future. I will be very happy to introduce it to you, and everything about it will be very exiciting to discuss.  Ali Sastramidjaja, 1991 ------------------------ Yahoo! Groups Sponsor --------------------~--> Give underprivileged students the materials they need to learn. Bring education to life by funding a specific classroom project. http://us.click.yahoo.com/4F6XtA/_WnJAA/E2hLAA/0EHolB/TM --------------------------------------------------------------------~-> Komunitas Urang Sunda --> http://www.Urang-Sunda.or.id Yahoo! Groups Links <*> To visit your group on the web, go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/urangsunda/ <*> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] <*> Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to: http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
