Thanks, Andrey.
> so it means that the savepoint does not loose at least some dropped
records.
I'm not sure what you mean by that? I mean, it was known from the
beginning, that not everything is lost before/after restoring a savepoint,
just some records around the time of restoration. It's not 100% clear
whether records are lost before making a savepoint or after restoring it.
Although, based on the new DEBUG logs it seems more like losing some
records that are seen ~soon after restoring. It seems like Flink would be
somehow confused either about the restored state vs. new inserts to state.
This could also be somehow linked to the high back pressure on the kafka
source while the stream is catching up.
> If it is feasible for your setup, I suggest to insert one more map
function after reduce and before sink.
> etc.
Isn't that the same thing that we discussed before? Nothing is sent to
BucketingSink before the window closes, so I don't see how it would make
any difference if we replace the BucketingSink with a map function or
another sink type. We don't create or restore savepoints during the time
when BucketingSink gets input or has open buckets – that happens at a much
later time of day. I would focus on figuring out why the records are lost
while the window is open. But I don't know how to do that. Would you have
any additional suggestions?
On Fri, Sep 21, 2018 at 3:30 PM Andrey Zagrebin <and...@data-artisans.com>
wrote:
> Hi Juho,
>
> so it means that the savepoint does not loose at least some dropped
> records.
>
> If it is feasible for your setup, I suggest to insert one more map
> function after reduce and before sink.
> The map function should be called right after window is triggered but
> before flushing to s3.
> The result of reduce (deduped record) could be logged there.
> This should allow to check whether the processed distinct records were
> buffered in the state after the restoration from the savepoint or not. If
> they were buffered we should see that there was an attempt to write them to
> the sink from the state.
>
> Another suggestion is to try to write records to some other sink or to
> both.
> E.g. if you can access file system of workers, maybe just into local files
> and check whether the records are also dropped there.
>
> Best,
> Andrey
>
> On 20 Sep 2018, at 15:37, Juho Autio <juho.au...@rovio.com> wrote:
>
> Hi Andrey!
>
> I was finally able to gather the DEBUG logs that you suggested. In short,
> the reducer logged that it processed at least some of the ids that were
> missing from the output.
>
> "At least some", because I didn't have the job running with DEBUG logs for
> the full 24-hour window period. So I was only able to look up if I can find
> *some* of the missing ids in the DEBUG logs. Which I did indeed.
>
> I changed the DistinctFunction.java to do this:
>
> @Override
> public Map<String, String> reduce(Map<String, String> value1,
> Map<String, String> value2) {
> LOG.debug("DistinctFunction.reduce returns: {}={}",
> value1.get("field"), value1.get("id"));
> return value1;
> }
>
> Then:
>
> vi flink-1.6.0/conf/log4j.properties
> log4j.logger.org.apache.flink.streaming.runtime.tasks.StreamTask=DEBUG
> log4j.logger.com.rovio.ds.flink.uniqueid.DistinctFunction=DEBUG
>
> Then I ran the following kind of test:
>
> - Cancelled the on-going job with savepoint created at ~Sep 18 08:35 UTC
> 2018
> - Started a new cluster & job with DEBUG enabled at ~09:13, restored from
> that previous cluster's savepoint
> - Ran until caught up offsets
> - Cancelled the job with a new savepoint
> - Started a new job _without_ DEBUG, which restored the new savepoint, let
> it keep running so that it will eventually write the output
>
> Then on the next day, after results had been flushed when the 24-hour
> window closed, I compared the results again with a batch version's output.
> And found some missing ids as usual.
>
> I drilled down to one specific missing id (I'm replacing the actual value
> with AN12345 below), which was not found in the stream output, but was
> found in batch output & flink DEBUG logs.
>
> Related to that id, I gathered the following information:
>
> 2018-09-18~09:13:21,000 job started & savepoint is restored
>
> 2018-09-18 09:14:29,085 missing id is processed for the first time, proved
> by this log line:
> 2018-09-18 09:14:29,085 DEBUG
> com.rovio.ds.flink.uniqueid.DistinctFunction -
> DistinctFunction.reduce returns: s.aid1=AN12345
>
> 2018-09-18 09:15:14,264 first synchronous part of checkpoint
> 2018-09-18 09:15:16,544 first asynchronous part of checkpoint
>
> (
> more occurrences of checkpoints (~1 min checkpointing time + ~1 min delay
> before next)
> /
> more occurrences of DistinctFunction.reduce
> )
>
> 2018-09-18 09:23:45,053 missing id is processed for the last time
>
> 2018-09-18~10:20:00,000 savepoint created & job cancelled
>
> To be noted, there was high backpressure after restoring from savepoint
> until the stream caught up with the kafka offsets. Although, our job uses
> assign timestamps & watermarks on the flink kafka consumer itself, so event
> time of all partitions is synchronized. As expected, we don't get any late
> data in the late data side output.
>
> From this we can see that the missing ids are processed by the reducer,
> but they must get lost somewhere before the 24-hour window is triggered.
>
> I think it's worth mentioning once more that the stream doesn't miss any
> ids if we let it's running without interruptions / state restoring.
>
> What's next?
>
> On Wed, Aug 29, 2018 at 3:49 PM Andrey Zagrebin <and...@data-artisans.com>
> wrote:
>
>> Hi Juho,
>>
>> > only when the 24-hour window triggers, BucketingSink gets a burst of
>> input
>>
>> This is of course totally true, my understanding is the same. We cannot
>> exclude problem there for sure, just savepoints are used a lot w/o problem
>> reports and BucketingSink is known to be problematic with s3. That is why,
>> I asked you:
>>
>> > You also wrote that the timestamps of lost event are 'probably' around
>> the time of the savepoint, if it is not yet for sure I would also check it.
>>
>> Although, bucketing sink might loose any data at the end of the day (also
>> from the middle). The fact, that it is always around the time of taking a
>> savepoint and not random, is surely suspicious and possible savepoint
>> failures need to be investigated.
>>
>> Regarding the s3 problem, s3 doc says:
>>
>> > The caveat is that if you make a HEAD or GET request to the key name
>> (to find if the object exists) before creating the object, Amazon S3
>> provides 'eventual consistency' for read-after-write.
>>
>> The algorithm you suggest is how it is roughly implemented now
>> (BucketingSink.openNewPartFile). My understanding is that
>> 'eventual consistency’ means that even if you just created file (its name
>> is key) it can be that you do not get it in the list or exists (HEAD)
>> returns false and you risk to rewrite the previous part.
>>
>> The BucketingSink was designed for a standard file system. s3 is used
>> over a file system wrapper atm but does not always provide normal file
>> system guarantees. See also last example in [1].
>>
>> Cheers,
>> Andrey
>>
>> [1]
>> https://codeburst.io/quick-explanation-of-the-s3-consistency-model-6c9f325e3f82
>>
>> On 29 Aug 2018, at 12:11, Juho Autio <juho.au...@rovio.com> wrote:
>>
>> Andrey, thank you very much for the debugging suggestions, I'll try them.
>>
>> In the meanwhile two more questions, please:
>>
>> > Just to keep in mind this problem with s3 and exclude it for sure. I
>> would also check whether the size of missing events is around the batch
>> size of BucketingSink or not.
>>
>> Fair enough, but I also want to focus on debugging the most probable
>> subject first. So what do you think about this – true or false: only when
>> the 24-hour window triggers, BucketinSink gets a burst of input. Around the
>> state restoring point (middle of the day) it doesn't get any input, so it
>> can't lose anything either. Isn't this true, or have I totally missed how
>> Flink works in triggering window results? I would not expect there to be
>> any optimization that speculatively triggers early results of a regular
>> time window to the downstream operators.
>>
>> > The old BucketingSink has in general problem with s3. Internally
>> BucketingSink queries s3 as a file system to list already written file
>> parts (batches) and determine index of the next part to start. Due to
>> eventual consistency of checking file existence in s3 [1], the
>> BucketingSink can rewrite the previously written part and basically loose
>> it.
>>
>> I was wondering, what does S3's "read-after-write consistency" (mentioned
>> on the page you linked) actually mean. It seems that this might be possible:
>> - LIST keys, find current max index
>> - choose next index = max + 1
>> - HEAD next index: if it exists, keep adding + 1 until key doesn't exist
>> on S3
>>
>> But definitely sounds easier if a sink keeps track of files in a way
>> that's guaranteed to be consistent.
>>
>> Cheers,
>> Juho
>>
>> On Mon, Aug 27, 2018 at 2:04 PM Andrey Zagrebin <and...@data-artisans.com>
>> wrote:
>>
>>> Hi,
>>>
>>> true, StreamingFileSink does not support s3 in 1.6.0, it is planned for
>>> the next 1.7 release, sorry for confusion.
>>> The old BucketingSink has in general problem with s3.
>>> Internally BucketingSink queries s3 as a file system
>>> to list already written file parts (batches) and determine index of the
>>> next part to start. Due to eventual consistency of checking file existence
>>> in s3 [1], the BucketingSink can rewrite the previously written part and
>>> basically loose it. It should be fixed for StreamingFileSink in 1.7 where
>>> Flink keeps its own track of written parts and does not rely on s3 as a
>>> file system.
>>> I also include Kostas, he might add more details.
>>>
>>> Just to keep in mind this problem with s3 and exclude it for sure I
>>> would also check whether the size of missing events is around the batch
>>> size of BucketingSink or not. You also wrote that the timestamps of lost
>>> event are 'probably' around the time of the savepoint, if it is not yet for
>>> sure I would also check it.
>>>
>>> Have you already checked the log files of job manager and task managers
>>> for the job running before and after the restore from the check point? Is
>>> everything successful there, no errors, relevant warnings or exceptions?
>>>
>>> As the next step, I would suggest to log all encountered events in
>>> DistinctFunction.reduce if possible for production data and check whether
>>> the missed events are eventually processed before or after the savepoint.
>>> The following log message indicates a border between the events that should
>>> be included into the savepoint (logged before) or not:
>>> “{} ({}, synchronous part) in thread {} took {} ms” (template)
>>> Also check if the savepoint has been overall completed:
>>> "{} ({}, asynchronous part) in thread {} took {} ms."
>>>
>>> Best,
>>> Andrey
>>>
>>> [1] https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/Introduction.html
>>>
>>> On 24 Aug 2018, at 20:41, Juho Autio <juho.au...@rovio.com> wrote:
>>>
>>> Hi,
>>>
>>> Using StreamingFileSink is not a convenient option for production use
>>> for us as it doesn't support s3*. I could use StreamingFileSink just to
>>> verify, but I don't see much point in doing so. Please consider my previous
>>> comment:
>>>
>>> > I realized that BucketingSink must not play any role in this problem.
>>> This is because only when the 24-hour window triggers, BucketingSink gets a
>>> burst of input. Around the state restoring point (middle of the day) it
>>> doesn't get any input, so it can't lose anything either (right?).
>>>
>>> I could also use a kafka sink instead, but I can't imagine how there
>>> could be any difference. It's very real that the sink doesn't get any input
>>> for a long time until the 24-hour window closes, and then it quickly writes
>>> out everything because it's not that much data eventually for the distinct
>>> values.
>>>
>>> Any ideas for debugging what's happening around the savepoint &
>>> restoration time?
>>>
>>> *) I actually implemented StreamingFileSink as an alternative sink. This
>>> was before I came to realize that most likely the sink component has
>>> nothing to do with the data loss problem. I tried it with s3n:// path just
>>> to see an exception being thrown. In the source code I indeed then found an
>>> explicit check for the target path scheme to be "hdfs://".
>>>
>>> On Fri, Aug 24, 2018 at 7:49 PM Andrey Zagrebin <
>>> and...@data-artisans.com> wrote:
>>>
>>>> Ok, I think before further debugging the window reduced state,
>>>> could you try the new ‘StreamingFileSink’ [1] introduced in Flink 1.6.0
>>>> instead of the previous 'BucketingSink’?
>>>>
>>>> Cheers,
>>>> Andrey
>>>>
>>>> [1]
>>>> https://ci.apache.org/projects/flink/flink-docs-stable/dev/connectors/streamfile_sink.html
>>>>
>>>> On 24 Aug 2018, at 18:03, Juho Autio <juho.au...@rovio.com> wrote:
>>>>
>>>> Yes, sorry for my confusing comment. I just meant that it seems like
>>>> there's a bug somewhere now that the output is missing some data.
>>>>
>>>> > I would wait and check the actual output in s3 because it is the main
>>>> result of the job
>>>>
>>>> Yes, and that's what I have already done. There seems to be always some
>>>> data loss with the production data volumes, if the job has been restarted
>>>> on that day.
>>>>
>>>> Would you have any suggestions for how to debug this further?
>>>>
>>>> Many thanks for stepping in.
>>>>
>>>> On Fri, Aug 24, 2018 at 6:37 PM Andrey Zagrebin <
>>>> and...@data-artisans.com> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>> Hi Juho,
>>>>>
>>>>> So it is a per key deduplication job.
>>>>>
>>>>> Yes, I would wait and check the actual output in s3 because it is the
>>>>> main result of the job and
>>>>>
>>>>> > The late data around the time of taking savepoint might be not
>>>>> included into the savepoint but it should be behind the snapshotted offset
>>>>> in Kafka.
>>>>>
>>>>> is not a bug, it is a possible behaviour.
>>>>>
>>>>> The savepoint is a snapshot of the data in transient which is already
>>>>> consumed from Kafka.
>>>>> Basically the full contents of the window result is split between the
>>>>> savepoint and what can come after the savepoint'ed offset in Kafka but
>>>>> before the window result is written into s3.
>>>>>
>>>>> Allowed lateness should not affect it, I am just saying that the final
>>>>> result in s3 should include all records after it.
>>>>> This is what should be guaranteed but not the contents of the
>>>>> intermediate savepoint.
>>>>>
>>>>> Cheers,
>>>>> Andrey
>>>>>
>>>>> On 24 Aug 2018, at 16:52, Juho Autio <juho.au...@rovio.com> wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> Thanks for your answer!
>>>>>
>>>>> I check for the missed data from the final output on s3. So I wait
>>>>> until the next day, then run the same thing re-implemented in batch, and
>>>>> compare the output.
>>>>>
>>>>> > The late data around the time of taking savepoint might be not
>>>>> included into the savepoint but it should be behind the snapshotted offset
>>>>> in Kafka.
>>>>>
>>>>> Yes, I would definitely expect that. It seems like there's a bug
>>>>> somewhere.
>>>>>
>>>>> > Then it should just come later after the restore and should be
>>>>> reduced within the allowed lateness into the final result which is saved
>>>>> into s3.
>>>>>
>>>>> Well, as far as I know, allowed lateness doesn't play any role here,
>>>>> because I started running the job with allowedLateness=0, and still get
>>>>> the
>>>>> data loss, while my late data output doesn't receive anything.
>>>>>
>>>>> > Also, is this `DistinctFunction.reduce` just an example or the
>>>>> actual implementation, basically saving just one of records inside the 24h
>>>>> window in s3? then what is missing there?
>>>>>
>>>>> Yes, it's the actual implementation. Note that there's a keyBy before
>>>>> the DistinctFunction. So there's one record for each key (which is the
>>>>> combination of a couple of fields). In practice I've seen that we're
>>>>> missing ~2000-4000 elements on each restore, and the total output is
>>>>> obviously much more than that.
>>>>>
>>>>> Here's the full code for the key selector:
>>>>>
>>>>> public class MapKeySelector implements KeySelector<Map<String,String>,
>>>>> Object> {
>>>>>
>>>>> private final String[] fields;
>>>>>
>>>>> public MapKeySelector(String... fields) {
>>>>> this.fields = fields;
>>>>> }
>>>>>
>>>>> @Override
>>>>> public Object getKey(Map<String, String> event) throws Exception {
>>>>> Tuple key = Tuple.getTupleClass(fields.length).newInstance();
>>>>> for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
>>>>> key.setField(event.getOrDefault(fields[i], ""), i);
>>>>> }
>>>>> return key;
>>>>> }
>>>>> }
>>>>>
>>>>> And a more exact example on how it's used:
>>>>>
>>>>> .keyBy(new MapKeySelector("ID", "PLAYER_ID", "FIELD",
>>>>> "KEY_NAME", "KEY_VALUE"))
>>>>> .timeWindow(Time.days(1))
>>>>> .reduce(new DistinctFunction())
>>>>>
>>>>> On Fri, Aug 24, 2018 at 5:26 PM Andrey Zagrebin <
>>>>> and...@data-artisans.com> wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>>> Hi Juho,
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Where exactly does the data miss? When do you notice that?
>>>>>> Do you check it:
>>>>>> - debugging `DistinctFunction.reduce` right after resume in the
>>>>>> middle of the day
>>>>>> or
>>>>>> - some distinct records miss in the final output of BucketingSink in
>>>>>> s3 after window result is actually triggered and saved into s3 at the end
>>>>>> of the day? is this the main output?
>>>>>>
>>>>>> The late data around the time of taking savepoint might be not
>>>>>> included into the savepoint but it should be behind the snapshotted
>>>>>> offset
>>>>>> in Kafka. Then it should just come later after the restore and should be
>>>>>> reduced within the allowed lateness into the final result which is saved
>>>>>> into s3.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Also, is this `DistinctFunction.reduce` just an example or the actual
>>>>>> implementation, basically saving just one of records inside the 24h
>>>>>> window
>>>>>> in s3? then what is missing there?
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Cheers,
>>>>>> Andrey
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On 23 Aug 2018, at 15:42, Juho Autio <juho.au...@rovio.com> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I changed to allowedLateness=0, no change, still missing data when
>>>>>> restoring from savepoint.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> On Tue, Aug 21, 2018 at 10:43 AM Juho Autio <juho.au...@rovio.com>
>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I realized that BucketingSink must not play any role in this
>>>>>>> problem. This is because only when the 24-hour window triggers,
>>>>>>> BucketinSink gets a burst of input. Around the state restoring point
>>>>>>> (middle of the day) it doesn't get any input, so it can't lose anything
>>>>>>> either (right?).
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> I will next try removing the allowedLateness entirely from the
>>>>>>> equation.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> In the meanwhile, please let me know if you have any suggestions for
>>>>>>> debugging the lost data, for example what logs to enable.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> We use FlinkKafkaConsumer010 btw. Are there any known issues with
>>>>>>> that, that could contribute to lost data when restoring a savepoint?
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On Fri, Aug 17, 2018 at 4:23 PM Juho Autio <juho.au...@rovio.com>
>>>>>>> wrote:
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Some data is silently lost on my Flink stream job when state is
>>>>>>>> restored from a savepoint.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Do you have any debugging hints to find out where exactly the data
>>>>>>>> gets dropped?
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> My job gathers distinct values using a 24-hour window. It doesn't
>>>>>>>> have any custom state management.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> When I cancel the job with savepoint and restore from that
>>>>>>>> savepoint, some data is missed. It seems to be losing just a small
>>>>>>>> amount
>>>>>>>> of data. The event time of lost data is probably around the time of
>>>>>>>> savepoint. In other words the rest of the time window is not entirely
>>>>>>>> missed – collection works correctly also for (most of the) events that
>>>>>>>> come
>>>>>>>> in after restoring.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> When the job processes a full 24-hour window without interruptions
>>>>>>>> it doesn't miss anything.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Usually the problem doesn't happen in test environments that have
>>>>>>>> smaller parallelism and smaller data volumes. But in production
>>>>>>>> volumes the
>>>>>>>> job seems to be consistently missing at least something on every
>>>>>>>> restore.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> This issue has consistently happened since the job was initially
>>>>>>>> created. It was at first run on an older version of Flink 1.5-SNAPSHOT
>>>>>>>> and
>>>>>>>> it still happens on both Flink 1.5.2 & 1.6.0.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> I'm wondering if this could be for example some synchronization
>>>>>>>> issue between the kafka consumer offsets vs. what's been written by
>>>>>>>> BucketingSink?
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> 1. Job content, simplified
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> kafkaStream
>>>>>>>> .flatMap(new ExtractFieldsFunction())
>>>>>>>> .keyBy(new MapKeySelector(1, 2, 3, 4))
>>>>>>>> .timeWindow(Time.days(1))
>>>>>>>> .allowedLateness(allowedLateness)
>>>>>>>> .sideOutputLateData(lateDataTag)
>>>>>>>> .reduce(new DistinctFunction())
>>>>>>>> .addSink(sink)
>>>>>>>> // use a fixed number of output partitions
>>>>>>>> .setParallelism(8))
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> /**
>>>>>>>> * Usage: .keyBy("the", "distinct", "fields").reduce(new
>>>>>>>> DistinctFunction())
>>>>>>>> */
>>>>>>>> public class DistinctFunction implements
>>>>>>>> ReduceFunction<java.util.Map<String, String>> {
>>>>>>>> @Override
>>>>>>>> public Map<String, String> reduce(Map<String, String> value1,
>>>>>>>> Map<String, String> value2) {
>>>>>>>> return value1;
>>>>>>>> }
>>>>>>>> }
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> 2. State configuration
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> boolean enableIncrementalCheckpointing = true;
>>>>>>>> String statePath = "s3n://bucket/savepoints";
>>>>>>>> new RocksDBStateBackend(statePath, enableIncrementalCheckpointing);
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Checkpointing Mode Exactly Once
>>>>>>>> Interval 1m 0s
>>>>>>>> Timeout 10m 0s
>>>>>>>> Minimum Pause Between Checkpoints 1m 0s
>>>>>>>> Maximum Concurrent Checkpoints 1
>>>>>>>> Persist Checkpoints Externally Enabled (retain on cancellation)
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> 3. BucketingSink configuration
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> We use BucketingSink, I don't think there's anything special here,
>>>>>>>> if not the fact that we're writing to S3.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> String outputPath = "s3://bucket/output";
>>>>>>>> BucketingSink<Map<String, String>> sink = new
>>>>>>>> BucketingSink<Map<String, String>>(outputPath)
>>>>>>>> .setBucketer(new ProcessdateBucketer())
>>>>>>>> .setBatchSize(batchSize)
>>>>>>>> .setInactiveBucketThreshold(inactiveBucketThreshold)
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> .setInactiveBucketCheckInterval(inactiveBucketCheckInterval);
>>>>>>>> sink.setWriter(new IdJsonWriter());
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> 4. Kafka & event time
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> My flink job reads the data from Kafka, using a
>>>>>>>> BoundedOutOfOrdernessTimestampExtractor on the kafka consumer to
>>>>>>>> synchronize watermarks accross all kafka partitions. We also write late
>>>>>>>> data to side output, but nothing is written there – if it would, it
>>>>>>>> could
>>>>>>>> explain missed data in the main output (I'm also sure that our late
>>>>>>>> data
>>>>>>>> writing works, because we previously had some actual late data which
>>>>>>>> ended
>>>>>>>> up there).
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> 5. allowedLateness
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> It may be or may not be relevant that I have also enabled
>>>>>>>> allowedLateness with 1 minute lateness on the 24-hour window:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> If that makes sense, I could try removing allowedLateness entirely?
>>>>>>>> That would be just to rule out that Flink doesn't have a bug that's
>>>>>>>> related
>>>>>>>> to restoring state in combination with the allowedLateness feature.
>>>>>>>> After
>>>>>>>> all, all of our data should be in a good enough order to not be late,
>>>>>>>> given
>>>>>>>> the max out of orderness used on kafka consumer timestamp extractor.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> Thank you in advance!
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>
>>>
>>
>>
>
>
