I continue to update "The Rossi Ni + p Byproduct Riddle":
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/NiProtonRiddle.pdf
The most recent addition is the following section:
THE MYSTERY OF 2 H, 4 H AND 6 H TRANSMUTATIONS
One of the mysteries of deuterium cold fusion transmutation is why 1,
2, 4, or 6 atoms are added to the lattice elements. (See Storms, The
Science of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction, p. 175) There are also
mysteries regarding the apparent preference of pair-wise proton
additions to heavy nuclei, as discussed above in relation to Ni + 2
p. Deflation fusion provides some answers in this regard.
Following are some isotopes commonly involved in LENR transmutation
experiments and their nuclear magnetic moments:
47TI -0.78848
49Ti -1.10417
57Fe +0.0906
57Fe +0.0906
59Co +4.63
61Ni -.75002
87Sr -1.09360
91Zr -1.30362
105Pd -0.642
107Ag -0.11357
109Ag -0.13056
133Cs +2.582
135Ba +0.838
137Ba +0.9374
195Pt +0.6095
197Au +0.14575
The remaining common isotopes of these elements, namely 84Sr, 86Sr,
88Sr, 46Ti, 48TI, 50Ti, 54Fe, 58Fe, 59Fe, 58Ni, 60Ni, 62Ni, 64Ni,
84Sr, 86Sr, 88Sr, 90Zr, 92Zr, 94Zr, 96Zr, 102Pd, 104Pd, 106Pd, 108Pd,
110Pd, 130Ba, 132Ba, 134Ba, 136Ba , 138Ba, 190Pt, 192Pt, 194Pt, 196Pt
and 198Pt, have zero magnetic moments. It is notable that the
radioactive isotopes of these elements tend to have nonzero nuclear
magnetic moments.
Nuclear magnetic moments are expressed in units of the nuclear
magneton, mu_N, where:
mu_N = e h_bar/(2 m_p) = 5.05078324x10^-27 J/T
In contrast to the above heavy nucleus nuclear magnetic moments, the
magnetic moment of the electron, in terms of mu_N is 1836.1528, about
3 orders of magnitude larger.
Elements with positive magnetic moments have nuclear magnetic moments
aligned with their spins, as do protons. Elements with negative
magnetic moments have nuclear magnetic moments opposed to their
spins, as do neutrons.
It is common sense that tunneling of deflated hydrogen, with its
large magnetic moment, due to its included electron, into a nucleus
having a nuclear magnetic moment is energetically feasible due to
magnetic attraction. What is of more interest is the involvement of
isotopes with zero magnetic moment in heavy element transmutation.
It is proposed above that electrons of heavy nuclei occasionally
enter those nuclei, thus providing a large momentary nuclear magnetic
moment, and thus triggering tunneling of deflated hydrogen into the
nucleus. The initial electron, having a large kinetic energy, can be
expected to quickly depart during the ensuing process, leaving only
the trapped electron behind. This leaves the nucleus with a
prolonged large magnetic moment. Any deflated state hydrogen in the
vicinity should quickly also tunnel in. However, here the process
most likely stops. The trapped electron spins are most likely, but
not necessarily, co-aligned. Their spins are with high probability
co-aligned as spin up and spin down, thus canceling magnetic fields,
but have some probability of aligned spins. In the latter case, a
follow-on addition of another pair becomes likely. This tendency
provides some degree of explanation for the mysterious tendency for
2H, 4H, and 6H transmutations, where none exists otherwise. Here “H”
means any isotope of hydrogen.
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
