On May 27, 2013, at 12:17 AM, Harry Veeder wrote:
On Sat, May 25, 2013 at 10:30 AM, Edmund Storms
<[email protected]> wrote:
On May 24, 2013, at 10:38 PM, Harry Veeder wrote:
The process you have described has the characteristics of a
ratchet. Curiously, Jones used the ratchet metaphor in another post
where he characterised the effect of modulating the input on the
cell.
Yes Harry, this can be called a ratchet. All kinds of ratchets exist
in Nature. The challenge is to find the cause. In this case, the
nuclei have to communicate before they have fused into a single
nuclei. The form of htat communication is unknown, but very
important. Once discovered, this will get someone the Nobel prize.
Imagine the following sequence. The nuclei are held apart by an
electron bond, which is normally the case. Once formed, this
structure starts to resonate so that the two nuclei get periodically
closer together. As they approach each other, information is
exchanged between the nuclei that tells them they have too much mass
-energy for being this close. After all, if they were in contact,
the excess mass-energy would be 24 MeV if the nuclei were deuterons.
But they are not in contact yet, so that the excess mass-energy is
less than the maximum. Nevertheless, this excess must be dissipated,
which each nuclei does by emitting a photon having 1/2 of the excess
energy for the distance achieved. After the photons are emitted, the
resonance moves the two nuclei apart, but this time not as far as
previously the case. The next resonance cycle again brings the
nuclei close, but this time they come closer than before, again with
emission of two photons. This cycle repeats until all energy has
been dissipated and the two nuclei are in contact. The intervening
electron, that was necessary to the process, is sucked into the
final nucleus. Because very little energy is released by entry of
the electron, the neutrino, if it is emitted at all, has very little
energy available to carry away.
This process, I suggest, is the unique and previously unknown
phenomenon that CF has revealed.
Ed,
Typically we associate quantization with attractive forces as is the
case with an electron and a proton in a hydrogen atom, but your
system involves quantization with repulsive forces.
Like charges repel and unlike charges attract. Quantization is always
a balance between attraction and repulsion. Consequently, I do not
understand your point.
Resonance occurs when an object can alternate between between
attraction and repulsion. This combination results in forces that can
move an object between these two extremes as long as energy is supplied.
If pushing an electron and proton apart can happen in steps through
the absorption of photons, I guess it follows that pushing together
of protons can happen in steps through the emission of photons.
Your description is not correct. Photon emission only occurs when the
electron RETURNS to its original energy level.
I'm not suggesting the electron has an role in emitting a photon. I'm
proposing that a photon is emitted FROM THE NUCLEUS when two nuclei
get too close to each other. Nuclei can not normally get this close.
Consequently, the process is not normally possible. The conditions in
the NAE make this possible.
However, in the former situation "the pushing apart" is the effect
but the absorption of the photons is the cause, whereas in the
latter situation the pushing together is the cause, and the emission
of photons is effect....or is it? ;-)
The protons try to get close, but this is not possible because of the
Coulomb barrier. Nevertheless, at a critical distance, they discover
that if they gave off a little energy they could get closer. This is
like an explosive suddenly discovering that if it rearranged the
atoms, it could give off energy. In the case of the protons, the
resonance process intervenes and stops the energy release before it
can be complete. As a result, only a photon having low energy can be
released. But then resonance again brings the two protons close and
another photon is emitted from each proton. This process repeats until
all energy is removed and the final nucleus is formed.
Ed Storms
If it is the cause, then the emission of photons serves to pull the
protons together.
Harry
PS. Wikipedia says the fractional quantum hall effect also involves
quantized states of repulsion although they are between electrons
rather than protons and deuterons.
