-----Original Message----- From: Bob Cook > Most excitation of Nuclei to determine isomeric states has been via neutron activation or proton excitation using reactors for neutrons or accelerators for protons. Not much has been via electromagnetic excitation.
Yes, that is a good point, but not necessarily excitation via photons. Here is a good old paper, since because of its age - the slant is different. Spin-flipping is becoming of renewed interest in LENR. http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/23/08/69/PDF/ajp-jphyscol199051C606.pdf In short, spin coupling and excitation is probably an important mechanism for some or most of the net gain in D+D, but not necessarily following D+D fusion, which may happen rarely and in the sense of a makeup reaction, due to energy depletion zones. You simply do not need fusion if much energy is available through deuteron induced charge-exchange reactions, including spin-isospin excitations. These kinds of reactions are more likely with deuterium in severely reduced electron orbitals - thus a synergy between electrostatic effects, spin coupling and spin flipping in reduced orbital species. It bears repeating that a neutron is NOT the combination of a proton and an electron. A neutron is composed of one up and two down quarks, and a proton is composed of two up quarks and one down quarks. Quarks carry fractional electrical charge. Charge exchanges can be made in unusual ways without electron emission. Jones
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