At 03:21 AM 12/6/2004, Horace Heffner wrote:
The fact that there is plenty of evidence for heavy nucleus LENR at low potetials, extending all the way back to Bockris et al CF experiments at TAMU in 1989-90. There is an abundance of evidence for "beyond chemical" energy coming from cells without accompanying nulcear signature radiation. There is evidence of helium and tritium formation. This all boils down to nuclear reactions having unexplained branching ratios. None of this makes any sense at all by ordinarily publishable and patentable standards.
Regards,
Horace Heffner
FWIW, the branching ratios are explainable. There is cold fusion of active fully loaded palladium, but the reactions are high, not low, energy (1). The desired reactions are not chemically assisted, but lattice-enabled.
In any case, this is the only place I disagree with Horace about this. In cold fusion , the branches are conventional, except that involving energy transfer to the lattice where quite a few ~40 millivolt phonons remove the ~20+ MeV energy from the excited deuteron nucleus, as it goes to ground state and the lattice temperature heats up (a.k.a. 'excess heat').
As discussed elsewhere (2), most of the branches are the same as in hot fusion, but there
is insufficient energy at room temperature kT to get to the neutron emission
branch from the first excited state of the deuteron nucleus.
The photon (gamma) emission is forbidden anyway (3), but at extremely hot fusion temperatures, such emission happens a bit anyway for several reasons, but does not do so at cold fusion temperatures.
Also, at cold fusion temperatures, the penetrating ionizing radiation
shifts to lower frequencies (actually the near IR), where it locked
into the palladium by 'skin-depth' (4). Those radiations then can couple
to the deuteron flow within the lattice, as a previous thread briefly discussed.
In summary, the physics and branches available involving cold fusion appears conventional except for the coupling to the lattice through the phonons (only when they are present (5-7)).
Dr. Mitchell Swartz
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1. Swartz, M., "Possible Deuterium Production From Light Water Excess
Enthalpy Experiments using Nickel Cathodes", Journal of New Energy, 3, 68-80 (1996)
2. Swartz, M., "Phusons in Nuclear Reactions in Solids", Fusion Technology, 31, 228-236 (March 1997).
3. Schwinger, J. Cold Fusion Theory, Proc. ICCF-4, Vol. 4, EPRI TR-104188-V4 (July 1994)
4. Swartz, M, G. Verner, "Bremsstrahlung in Hot and Cold Fusion", J New Energy, 3, 4, 90-101 (1999)
5-7. Swartz. M.., "Patterns of Failure in Cold Fusion Experiments", Proceedings of the 33RD Intersociety Engineering Conference on Energy Conversion, IECEC-98-I229, Colorado Springs, CO, August 2-6, (1998); Swartz, M, "Noise Measurement in cold fusion systems, Journal of New Energy, 2, 2, 56-61 (1997); Swartz. M., G. Verner, "Excess Heat from Low Electrical Conductivity Heavy Water Spiral-Wound Pd/D2O/Pt and Pd/D2O-PdCl2/Pt Devices", ICCF-10 (Camb. MA), Proceedings of ICCF-10, (2003).
