Mike Carrell wrote:
Ed Storms wrote:
I suggest several facts must be kept in mind when proposing the hydrino explanation.
1. Energy is only released when hydrinos are formed, not when accumulated hydrinos are returned to "normal".
Correct.
2. Hydrino production can only be produced rather slowly, only as rapidly as normal H diffuses to the active site and the resulting hydrino diffuses away.
No. Hydrino production can proceed at any speed, including instantly.
I don't understand how "instantly" is possible. Two entities must get together. This takes time. Once energy is released from this collision, the local process stops. If additional energy is to be released, two more entities must find each other. This is not like explosive decomposition where all of the ingredients are already together. Even in a natural gas explosion, which would be similar to the H + O++ condition, a near stoichiometric mixture is required to have significant shockwave production. Otherwise, one justs get a moving flame. Also, extra volume is not produced in the hydrino reaction so that the shock wave can not grow.
There
is one essential condition, the proximity of an H atom (not H2) and a catalyst. Relevant catalysts in the Mizuno case are 2K+ and O++. My comment was that these can be produced in a plasma hydrolysis cell. The reaction rates depend on many complex factors which are not well controlled, even in Mills' experiments. My conjecture was that electrolysis liberates both K+ and H in the proximity of the cathode, which is supported by Mills' early experiments with Thermacore and other later experiments. The 2K+/H reaction is a three-body one. The probability is enhanced by the high density in the liquid/plasma interface, but so are competing reactions -- this is a problem with the Mills cells. O++ can be produced in a plasma -- some mills experiments start with water vaporizing at low pressure and then being ionized by a microwave field. I don't know of any reason why O++ can't be produced in a hard-driven electrolytic cell.
Let's assume that K+ and/or O++ are produced. The reaction with H to produce H* can proceed no faster than the rate of K+ or O++ formation. Both of these formation rates have to be slow and the products will not accumulate to any great extent because they are so unstable. This might allow extra energy to be produced while electrolysis was ongoing, but I do not understand how an explosion can result.
I have no clue about the dynamics here. If it could be reproduced at will, it would be a great leap forward toward solving the world's energy problems. One is reminded of other effects, such as attributed to Stanley Meyer. Mills has shown the presence of these reactions; putting them to work is something else. It's as daunting as making reliable CF cathodes.
3. According to Mills, hydrinos do not react with oxygen to produce hydrino water.
Hydrinos can form hydrides, which can form chemical compounds. I don't recall any comment about water specifically; it would not be "water". O++ is a BLP catalyst, and one can conjecture that both H and O++ will exist in the plasma in the Mizuno and Cirilli cells.
If hydrides form, the issue is how does an electron in a special, unique orbit associated with H interact with normal electrons in the combining atom? Such interactions provide the required energy for compound formation. Without this energy, the "hydrides" become physical mixtures. This might be possible in solids, but forming water requires a chemical bond. Consequently, Mills ruled out this possibility.
These facts would seem to make the hydrino explanation unlikely.
2 out of 3. It is indeed "unlikely" but the ingredients are there.
Nevertheless, I agree that too much energy seems to have been released to be accounted for by a "normal" H2+O2 reaction.
Remember F&P? Also unlikely.
Yes, we seem to be treated to "unlikely" events every couple of years. This is worse than cold fusion.
Regards, Ed
Mike Carrell
