Robin van Spaandonk wrote:
"High"-which is the operational word. I suggest the concentration can never be sufficiently "high".In reply to Edmund Storms's message of Sat, 29 Jan 2005 09:53:23 -0700: Hi, [snip]
I don't understand how "instantly" is possible. Two entities must get together. This takes time.
Of course it does, however that time is very short on human scales, provided that the density of catalyst and fuel particles is high.
For an explosion to occur, a shock wave must be produced. Simply having energy suddenly produced in a volume would only cause the temperature go up, and ionization to occur with a flash of radiation. The sudden heating would expand the gas to a higher pressure, say from 1 atm to 10 atm. This would not be enough to shatter a heavy glass vessel - blow the lid off, maybe.Even in a normal gas at room temperature, each molecule undergoes about 500 million collisions every second. Even if only 1 in a hundred thousand results in a shrinkage reaction, that still means that the average shrinkage reaction only takes a fraction of a millisecond. In short, when a chain reaction occurs, it could easily all be over in less than a millisecond. IMO that qualifies as "instantly".
Once energy is released from this collision, the local process stops. If additional energy is to be released, two more entities must find each other.
True, but the reactions don't wait on one another. I.e. the reactions are not all consecutive, many of them happen in parallel. In fact, in a chain reaction scenario, the number of parallel reactions is constantly increasing.
My point here was that each event adds its contribution and then is spent. The O++ catalyst is not reused. It is not clear that the reaction its self is even capable of producing more O++. Such a replacement is only an assumption needed for your explanation.
I don't see how you get a chain reaction. A very dilute mixture of H2 and O++ is present, both of which are used up in the process. Even if O++ were replaced, this would not be expected to occur at a significant rate, i.e. in micro seconds. After all, the original concentration of O++ was accumulated only after minutes of previous electrolysis.This is not like explosive decomposition where all of the ingredients are already together.
Actually it is. It is akin to the chain reaction which takes place in a fission bomb, except that neutron production rate is replaced by catalyst ion production rate. Though in this case "together" means in the same container, rather than in the same molecule.
I don't understand what kind of fusion reaction you imagine using H2. In any case, such a reaction would release nuclear energies, which would be expected to produce visible particle and X-ray emission, unlike the cold fusion process in a solid. These are apparently not seen, or felt. (Here the "dead graduate student" effect comes in again.)
Even in a natural gas explosion, which would be similar to the H + O++ condition, a near stoichiometric mixture is required to have significant shockwave production. Otherwise, one justs get a moving flame.
This may explain why there are so few hydrino explosions. The conditions need to meet strict minimum requirements.
A chain reaction using O++ can occur when the rate of formation of both catalyst and H atoms exceeds the consumption rate. O++ is formed through collisions with energetic particles (or UV photons or gamma rays). O++ can be formed when a hydrino of at least level 3 is formed, however most level 3 reactions will not result in O++ formation, because the energy will end up elsewhere. Consequently either reactions of on average much higher level must take place, or fusion reactions must take place. The latter lifts the average O++ production rate, because each fusion reaction can produce hundreds to thousands of O++ ions, while it may only take one O++ ion to finally trigger a fusion reaction, among a population of previously existing severely shrunken hydrinos.
Free electrons are generated by formation of ions. These ions quickly recapture their electrons so that only initially are these extra particles part of the shock wave. I don't think this would be a serious source of expansion. Heating is another matter, but not very effective.
Also, extra volume is not produced in the hydrino reaction so that the shock wave can not grow.
Extra volume is produced in hydrino reactions, because plasma growth results in the production of free electrons, each of which counts as a separate particle. Hence the particle count is commensurate with the average ionisation level. A hot plasma formed from an electrolyte (which contains many multi-electron atoms), could therefore easily result in a doubling of the number of particles per reaction, and possibly more, as the temperature increases. Not to mention normal thermal expansion. [snip]
Regards, Ed
