Consider the following mechanical arrangement.
Set B (3 rods)
Set A (2 rods)
I==========================I
I===========================I I
--->I I==========================I<---
I===========================I I
I==========================I
A set of two rods (Set A) is forced against a set of three
rods (Set B)
If the strain of A is 3.dL then the strain of B is 2.dL
The strain energy of Set A is 2.[(3.dL)^2] = 18.dL
The strain energy of Set B is 3.[(2.dL)^2] = 12.dL
So set A contains 1.5 times more strain energy than Set B.
Now the forces on the interface plate represented by the
five I's in a vertical line are equal and opposite.
Consider a small displacement (d2L) of this interface to
the left.
Set B will expand and take up 3.[(2.d2L)^2] = 12.d2L
units of strain energy from the environment.
Set A will contract and give out 2.[(3.d2L)^2] = 18.d2L
units of strain energy to the environment.
So the net strain energy given out to the environment
by the movement to the left is 6.d2L and a movement
to the left is exothermic.
Conversely the net strain energy taken in from the
environment by a similar movement to the right is
6.d2L and a movement to the right is endothermic.
Most importantly, the ratio of the tensile strain
energy to the compression strain energy is 18/12 = 1.5
---------------------------------------------------------
Now the above analysis is the first half of
understanding the Graneau effect. The second half is the
recognition that, from a Systems viewpoint water, is in
the same state as very dry clay - but at a low hierarchy
in the Diphase Hierarchical system (references 1, 2,
and 3)*
As clay dries the Fluid Phase goes into relative tension,
the Solid Phase into relative compression. The focus point
for the pore water tension is pF6+ which is an enormous
tension of the order of 15000 psi.
At some point in the drying out of clays pore water in
relatively lower pF regions within the clay evaporates
and leaves a thin skin of very high pF pore water
enveloping the grains like a thin continuous coat of
streched rubber. In effect the three dimensional clay
mineral grains are being squeezed together by a two
dimensional skin resembling a very convoluted rubber
bubble.
Eventually the skin-like moisture layer ruptures, and
the compression in the clay mineral grains is
explosively released as described in a previous
posting.
Graneau's experimental results have provided the
quqntitative experimental evidence which opens one's
eyes to the fact that liquid water has the same structure.
However obvious it may be now, without the experimental
results it is very unlikely that one would make one of
necessary James Burke's Connections.
For liquid water the within molecular phase (groupings
1 to N molecules) are in compression by the between
group phase skin which is in tension. The fact that
liquid water reaches its maximum density at 4 degrees
Centigrade which then starts to decrease, is the
clearest evidence that the intermolecular skin phase
is at the point of collapse.
In bulk water negative feedback from surrounding
regions means that the collapse of liquid water to
the much larger volume of ice is gradual and contained.
In the Graneau effect it sudden and uncontrolled.
Now the intermolecular quasi-Fluid skin phase or
internal surface is in two dimensional tension. The
infra-molecular quasi-Solid Phase on the other hand
is in three dimensional compression.
But this is the case considered in the example at
the top of the page, each dimension being represented
by a rod.
It is worth repasting Graneau's experimental results
from a previous post.
================================================
http://users.erols.com/iri/FutureEnergyTech.html
Cold Fog Discovery
Many other systems exist today, in a research,
development, or theoretical stage, which also
convert potential energy into useful work. The
first example is the "Cold Fog" invention of
Dr. Peter Graneau from Northeastern University
that converts chemical bond energy into kinetic
energy. Intermolecular bond energy in water is
an available amount of energy estimated at 2.3
kJ/g. When injected with a high voltage capacitor
discharge of 39.8 Joules, normal rainwater is
accelerated into a cold fog that loses about
31.2 Joules of low-grade heat and a comparable
amount (29.2 Joules) in fog kinetic energy output.
As reported in the Journal of Plasma Physics,[3]
the output energy thus exceeds the input energy
by about 100% creating a 2-to-1 overunity
condition favorable for reduction to a motorized
conversion system.
Capacitor Input
Energy: 39.8 joules
!
V
Fog Kinetic En. <- Cold Fog -> Low Grade Heat
29.2 Joules Accelerator 31.2 Joules
================================================
The maximum theoretical yield of Kinetic Energy to
Capacitor Input energy is 60.4/39.8 = 1.52
But this is the ratio of the exo-energetic contraction
of the inter-molecular phase to the endo-energetic
expansion of the infra-molecular phase.
So the boundary efficiency of input energy to output
energy is 1.5
In the boundary case the 40 odd joules of the capacitor
input is completely taken up by the endo-energetic
expansion of the infra-molecular phase. And the 60
joules of Kinetic Energy is completely provided by
the exo-energetic contraction of the inter-molecular
phase.
It would be interesting to know if Graneau had any
idea of the significance of the input_energy/output_
energy ratio. I suspect he probably didn't - and if
this is the case, the results he presents are a credit
to his experimental technique.
Now that the very simple mechanism underlying the
Graneau effect is understood there is every incentive
to improve the efficiency and start using water as a
fuel.
If Horace's suggestion of triggering the Beta-aether/
Casimir/ZPE re-energisation of the exhaust water by
microwave pans out, there is even the potential to
create a closed system which runs on the pressure
difference between the different hierarchical layers
of B-a/C/ZPE in the same way as a Stirling engine
runs on differential Compreture pressures.
Now that would be something. 8-)
Cheers,
Frank Grimer.
=====================================
haec cum dixisset expuit in terram et
fecit lutum ex sputo et linuit lutum
super oculos eius et dixit ei vade
lava in natatoria Siloae quod
interpretatur Missus abiit ergo et
lavit et venit videns
=====================================
=========================================
* REFERENCES
=========================================
GRIMER, F.J. and R.E.HEWITT. The form of the
stress-strain curve of concrete interpreted
with a di-phase concept of material behaviour.
Structure, Solid Mechanics and Engineering Design.
Proceedings of the Southampton 1969 Civil
Engineering Conference. (M.Te'eni, Ed.),
Wiley Interscience, pp 681 - 691, 1972.
CLAYTON, N and F.J.GRIMER. A General Approach
to the Strength of Materials. Speculations in
Science and Technology, Vol.1, No.1, pp5 - 13,
1978.
CLAYTON, N and F.J.GRIMER. The di-phase concept
with particular reference to concrete. Developments
in Concrete Technology, Vol.1, F.D.Lydon, ed,
Applied Science Publishers, England pp.283-318.
================================================
