High Temperature Magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Oxides by Baskar is online at Goggle books. One of the keys to understanding SPP and nanomagnetism in the context of the Dogbone (alumina) reactors like the Hot Cat is suggested in the information on alumina in this book. This also meshes with the prior thread on iron oxides and the purpose of having these oxides in an effective fuel mix.
It looks like nano-iron-oxide is important for dogbone-type reactors because of ferrimagnetic and superparamagnetic properties. A ferrimagnetic material is one that has populations of atoms with opposing magnetic moments like antiferromagnetism; however, the opposing moments are unequal, they are spontaneous, and they are self-oscillating to transfer spin energy. This hypothesis begins in the context of superparamagnetism and self-alternating magnetic properties at high temperature. Some physicists have overlooked the importance of magnetism at high temperatures because of an imprecise understanding of the Curie Point. A proper analysis requires the Curie-Weiss Law, which is still in flux so to speak due to Wannier populations and so on. To cut to the chase, there can be extremely intense local magnetic fields at 1000C, especially in alumina which is powered by a coil, but these fields are localized and dynamic so as to hide their polarity at a distance. Alumina is interesting in a magnetic sense, especially at elevated temperature. The element aluminum has an unpaired electron in the 3p shell and can be strongly paramagnetic. Yet, the oxygen of alumina alters the pairing, and above 300C it can be diamagnetic, or more interesting in a state of oscillation. Oxygen has unusual paramagnetic properties in combination with many metals. The important detail happens at small dimensions in nanomagnetism, as it would apply to SPP and the interaction with dense hydrogen and that detail includes very rapid field reversals, due to the short life of SPPs. That is where superparamagnetism comes into play along with spin-energy transfer. Very sharp localized field reversal is a descriptor of superparamagnetism and also of SPP, and also of a route to thermal overunity. I have a strong suspicion that the key to the thermal anomaly in many dogbone experiments involves magnetic field oscillation, instead of nuclear reactions. How this translates into thermal gain is relatively easy to imagine the common example being the electrical transformer reduced to the nanoscale. In sufficiently small nanoparticles, ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic magnetization of the particles will flip direction and oscillate under the influence of temperature. The heating is induction exactly like a solenoid core. The typical time between two flips is called the Néel relaxation time (typically below 1 nano-sec). The larger problem is where does anomalous heat come from? Is it nuclear? An answer is that anomalous heat comes from spin coupling and rapid magnetic field oscillation which employs protons as the real fuel. Conservation of angular momentum or of spin quantum number tend to mask the fact that spin energy can transfer in a way similar to heat, and even be masked by heat. The ultimate source of excess heat in the dogbone is less clear but is thought to be mass/energy conversion of a tiny percentage of proton mass into energy. Proton mass is an average, is not quantized, and about half of it is spin energy. Tens of keV can be transferred with not apparent change to the hydrogen population. Protons supply spin energy via QCD at one level and via magnons (which are descriptive of spin transfer) on a larger level. Magnons are the final piece of the puzzle, since they transfer mass-energy in larger chunks via spin waves whenever color-charge is altered (which is often in confined systems containing protons). We are almost to a level of understanding, if new data confirms the role of SPP. A useful theory - full of predictive power - is now emerging under the banner of nanomagnetism, but at its core is the SPP phenomenon. Among the most important predictions (for further development of the dogbone reactor) - is that excess visible light emission (in the form of abnormal incandescence) will track with thermal gain BUT this will also render IR thermometry useless. And correspondingly, using visible light intensity will streamline the search for added gain, since a luxmeter is much simpler, faster and more reliable than a calorimeter. Jones
