Thoria may also be useful because of its high temperature tolerance. Thoria filiment lanterns are old hat. Probably cheaper than yttrium in any compound. However thorium may fission more easily and cause problems with undesirable radiation in a LENR application.
Bob Cook From: Axil Axil Sent: Wednesday, August 19, 2015 11:00 AM To: vortex-l Subject: Re: [Vo]:about the newest E-Cat and some info for Aug 19, 2015 New update Andrea Rossi August 18th, 2015 at 5:43 PM Curiosone: Update at 07.40 p.m. of Tuesday August 18. E-Cat 1 MW: downloaded to 750 kW of power for reparation of a reactor. Another working night looms up. E-Cat X: burnt, but we have understood well where is the problem, so we are making another one that very likely will be very reliable. I hope. >From inside the plant, Warm Regards, A.R. Rossi might have found the method to control the E-Cat meltdown mechanism, The X-Cat might have destroyed the alumina tube by overheating. How hot can the X-Cat get? Rossi might want to try Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) (Melting point 2,715 °C (4,919 °F; 2,988 K)) This compound is a ceramic in which the crystal structure of zirconium dioxide is made stable at room temperature by an addition of yttrium oxide. These oxides are commonly called "zirconia" (ZrO2) and "yttria" (Y2O3), hence the name. It is difficult to solve the heater material problem because most heater elements will oxidize at high temperatures. This is not true for YSZ. Rossi could heat the YSZ tube directly. Electroceramics is a class of ceramic materials used primarily for their electrical properties. YSZ is an Electroceramic; it conducts electricity well as a fast ion conductor ceramic that has been used historically for the glowing rods in early Nernst lamps. The Nernst lamp was an early form of incandescent lamp. Nernst lamps did not use a glowing tungsten filament. Instead, they used a ceramic rod that was heated to incandescence. Because the rod (unlike tungsten wire) would not further oxidize when exposed to air, there was no need to enclose it within a vacuum or noble gas environment; the burners in Nernst lamps could operate exposed to the air and were only enclosed in glass to isolate the hot incandescent emitter from its environment. A ceramic of zirconium oxide - yttrium oxide was used as the glowing rod. One disadvantage of the Nernst design was that the ceramic rod was not electrically conductive at room temperature so the lamps needed a separate heater filament to heat the ceramic hot enough to begin conducting electricity on its own. On Wed, Aug 19, 2015 at 12:36 PM, Peter Gluck <[email protected]> wrote: Exceptionally good news postponed indefinitely but things happen: http://egooutpeters.blogspot.ro/2015/08/much-ado-around-e-cat-x.html Peter -- Dr. Peter Gluck Cluj, Romania http://egooutpeters.blogspot.com
