Freeman Dyson has suggested that "observers of the philosophical scene" can be broadly, if over-simplistically, divided into splitters and lumpers, roughly corresponding to materialists, who imagine the world as divided into atoms, and Platonists, who regard the world as made up of ideas.
The endless semantic games of the splitters is distracting or worse, it is largely ego driven. We need more simplicity not more bits. As one of the founders of sub-atomic physics once said when asked if he could recite the names of all of the sub-atomic particles, “If I could do that I would have become a botanist!” Thanks for helping work towards clarity Bob. From: Bob Higgins [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Tuesday, April 5, 2016 10:11 AM To: [email protected] Subject: [Vo]: Lets work out some useful definitions It strikes me that as we are using some of the acronyms we are losing sight of their properties. Holmlid describes his Ultra-Dense Hydrogen (UDH), and Ultra-Dense Deuterium (UDD) as forming from Rydberg Matter (RM). Rydberg Matter (RM) is a cluster of atoms in the Rydberg state. So, lets start with a description of Rydberg state (please help me to get these correct): Rydberg state: As an atom becomes increasingly excited, the electron orbitals change to larger orbitals (let's stick with hydrogen for the moment). As the atom absorbs more and more energy, the orbital diameter generally increases. At some excitation, just before ionization of the atom, the orbitals are huge and largely flattened into a disk. The Rydberg states is a very excited, HIGH ENERGY STATE of the atom with a large diameter flattened disk-like orbital. Then energy is just below the energy for ionization of the atom. Because of the huge electron orbital radius, the Rydberg atom has a huge magnetic moment. Rydberg Matter: RM could be variously described as a molecular form of atoms each in a Rydberg state, or a cluster or condensed matter in Rydberg state. Rydberg clusters/molecules are huge because, the orbitals of the individual atoms, each of which is in a Rydberg state, is huge. Rydberg matter hydrogen forms with large numbers of Rydberg state hydrogen (or deuterium) atoms into a large flat hexagonal cluster. The cluster can be fairly stable; lasting for long periods of time if not disturbed (like in space). The RM cluster is strongly affected by electric and magnetic field. Note that the total energy in a RM cluster is VERY HIGH because each of the atoms is in a high energy Rydberg state. The existence of Rydberg Matter is well documented with many experiments. UDH or UDD: Ultra-Dense Hydrogen or Ultra-Dense Deuterium is a controversially described and poorly understood form of matter. Its existence is purely speculative/hypothetical - based on measurements made of particle energies leaving Holmlid's experiments. Holmlid believes his evidence suggests the spontaneous formation of UDH and UDD from RM. Spontaneous transformations normally occur from a higher energy state to a lower energy state, so the UDH/UDD would likely be lower energy than the RM. Transition from the high energy RM state to the UDH/UDD state should then be accompanied by the emission of energy in some form. Winterberg proposes a theory that stacks of the flat RM can form into super-dense states inside of an Fe2O3 catalyst pore, and subsequently "switch" to a UDD form. According to Winterberg, UDH cannot form. In Winterberg's theory, the "switch" seems to be presented as a swap between two nearly identical energy states, not requiring energy emission/absorbtion. If that is the case, then the UDD state would be a HIGH energy state of deuterium. There is very little evidence supporting the existence or nature of UDH or UDD. Inverted Rydberg Hydrogen: IRH is a coined term to describe an atom that has lost energy and entered a state BELOW the ground level. It is equivalent to the Hydrino of Mills, and to some of the Deep Dirac Levels (DDL) described by Maly & Va'vra, Naudts (sort of), Meulenberg, and Paillet. IRH is a LOW energy form of a hydrogen atom, because its energy is below the ground level. Deep Dirac Level (DDL): DDL comprises a set of states BELOW the ground level of the atom. Existence of these sub-ground level states was first predicted using the relativistic form of the Schrodinger equation, the Klein-Gordon equation, by Naudts. Naudts showed that the K-G equation had a solution at a very deep level that was about 500 keV below the ground level for hydrogen. Note, the Schrodinger equation is only an approximation - it accounts for spin, but not special relativistic effects. The Klein-Gordon equation includes the effects of special relativity, but not spin. Dirac derived a beautiful general equation that included both spin and special relativity. Solutions to the Dirac equation predict more accurately (than Schrodinger) the normal states of hydrogen (ground level and above), and also predicts many solutions for levels below the ground state. It is quite hard to prove that these levels below the ground state of hydrogen (the DDL levels) exist, because the transition between DDL levels apparently cannot be accomplished via photon emission (our normal means for detecting level transition). Meulenberg states that photon emission/absorption for state transition between the DDL levels is forbidden due to insufficient angular momentum in the DDL orbitals to create a photon. DDL transitions apparently can only be accomplished by evanescent means - I.E. direct interaction with other particles and their local fields. Solutions to the DDL equation for hydrogen/deuterium suggest that there is an energy level as low as 509 keV below the ground state, having a corresponding electron orbital at a few femtometer radius - nearly touching the nucleus. Note that this DDL level is an extremely LOW energy state of the atom - a lot of energy must be REMOVED to deliver the atom to this state. As can be seen Rydberg states and DDL states are opposites in terms of energy. Rydberg states are HIGH energy states and DDL states are LOW energy states. It seems hard to believe that the UDH state can spontaneously form from the RM state because we are talking about condensed matter changing state all at once, and the resulting state, while being highly dense, is also HIGH energy. Bob Higgins On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 8:58 AM, Jones Beene <[email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> > wrote: Bob, That distinction is probably correct, although Miley’s version, which is no longer in favor, can be either clusters or singlets, IIRC. In the Lawandy model, the electrons are internalized to the substrate, and a dielectric substrate is required. I am hoping that Meulenberg will address the issue one of these days – of exactly how his Femto or DDL concept is either the same or different from UDH. The semantic problem with calling multiple nuclei a “cluster” is that there really is no 3D agglomeration. The UDD cluster is two dimensional like a film of one atom thickness, and should probably be called an ultra-dense thin film. At least that is the latest Holmlid version AFAIK. From: Bob Higgins Jones, isn't there a distinction between [UDH and UDD] and the [IRH and DDL]? As I understood it [IRH and DDL] are references to sub-ground states for an individual hydrogen atom. OTOH, [UDH and UDD] are condensed matter states of multiple atoms. Did I get this wrong? On Tue, Apr 5, 2016 at 8:18 AM, Jones Beene <[email protected] <mailto:[email protected]> > wrote: From: Robert Dorr Nicely done presentation. Well worth giving a look. These are the same slides used by Ólafsson at the colloquium back in October at SRI, reported here: https://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg105372.html Here is the easy link to the slides https://goo.gl/Zlenbp However, even today – the majority of observers in LENR seems to gloss over the main point – which is that although fusion can happen, the bulk of the energy release is in the form of muons (aka meson chain) and is generally lost to the reactor itself (since most of the energy ends up as neutrinos). Even so, there is net gain. The implication is that if properly engineered, the gain will be much higher. In short, “something is accidentally created,” which causes seemingly impossible nuclear reactions (nucleon disintegration) and that something is UDH or UDD – ultra dense hydrogen. George Miley used to call it IRH or inverted Rydberg hydrogen. Now it is simply call UDH or DDL (deep Dirac level). Ultra-dense hydrogen can be the source of all or part of Cold fusion LENR related phenomena. Laser induced fusion in UDH is the most effective way to see the results since it produces muons as the longest-lived species. This is also known as the “meson chain reaction” and the lifetime is several microseconds, so that most of the energy will be deposited as neutrinos many meters away from the reactor – up to hundreds of meters.
