Preliminary text repeated for convenience. The new stuff is the last
two paragraphs below.
ULTRA-HEAVY HYDROGEN ISOTOPES
The existence of hydrogen-4 to hydrogen-7 and possibly beyond, as
well as helium-5 to helium-8, may shed some light on the intermediate
states of some LENR processes.11 A deflation fusion of multiple
electrons and two deuterons or more in a loaded lattice, possibly
followed by a weak reaction, could produce these ultra-heavy hydrogen
or helium nuclei as an intermediary state. The ability to shed four
neutrons or more from a heavy hydrogen or helium intermediate state
implies the ability of a quad-neutron to tunnel to a heavy nucleus in
the lattice. This could explain various observed jumps of four in
nucleon number of lattice elements in LENR experiments. Further, a
deflated hydrogen state of an ultra heavy hydrogen may look like a
clump of neutrons to the lattice atoms, and thus easily tunnel long
distances to them because the tunneling is energetically neutral
electrostatically speaking, and favorable magnetically.
It is notable that hydrogen diffusion occurs via tunneling the
typical separation distance of the lattice metal nuclei, i.e. from
one lattice site to an adjacent site. However, the typical distance
between a hydrogen nucleus and lattice nucleus is half that. The
tunneling rate of a deflated hydrogen nucleus into close proximity of
a lattice metal nucleus is thus greater than to the same proximity of
a hydrogen nucleus in an adjacent site. If the tunneling hydrogen
nucleus is in the deflated state, i.e. neutral, its final destination
is unaffected by the Coulomb barrier, only affected by its mass and
the tunneling distance. The size of a nucleus is affected by
nuclear structure and excitation state. We would thus expect
deflated state tunneling to occur into lattice nuclei with greater
probability until a low energy small nuclear structure is achieved.
This feature may be of special use in deactivating nuclear waste. A
typical final nuclear state should tend to consist of multiple alpha
particle structures.
Because deflated state hydrogen has no net charge, the probability of
deflated state hydrogen tunneling long distances is greatly reduced.
In D+D fusion in the lattice, the tunneling D is therefore most
likely to not be the deflated state, and the static hydrogen in the
tunneled to location which results in fusion is therefore likely to
be in the deflated state. For this reason D+D fusion can be more
likely than low energy nuclear reactions with the lattice nuclei.
It has been noted that in some cases magnetic fields improve the
success rate at producing LENR. This is highly consistent with the
deflation fusion concept in that a magnetic force aligned between
hydrogen locations and lattice atom locations provides a potential
that greatly increases the probability of tunneling in the deflated
state. However, it is most notable that it is not a magnetic field
alone which should have an effect, it is a magnetic *gradient* that
provides a magnetic force and thus an increased tunneling probability
for deflated state nuclei. Attempts to produce magnetically enhanced
LENR rates should thus attempt to optimize both the magnitude and
direction of the magnetic gradient across the lattice, not just place
a magnetic field through the lattice.
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/DeflationFusion.pdf
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
