On May 21, 2009, at 6:35 PM, Jones Beene wrote:
Then there is the gray area of fractions which are >1 but never
integers. The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is a physical
phenomenon in which charge is found which is not a complete integer
of the elementary charge. Catch-22: it is often assumed by the
Grand Poobahs of fizzix to be greater than one, and never less than
one. Go figure.
You may be interested to know that an apparent fractional charge
develops when charges interact at relativistic velocities. I
investigated this concept in some depth in:
http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/SR-CircleCoil.pdf
This change in apparent charge is due to the change in the apparent E
field strength, depending on the angle of the observation, in the
vicinity of a relativistically moving charge. This change in field
strength (and thus apparent charge) is called field pancaking. The
apparent charge can either increase or decrease, i.e. Q'/Q ratio can
be above or below 1, depending on the angle of observation.
On p.492 of *The Electromagnetic Field*, Albert Shadowitz provides
the equation for relativistic (Coulombic) field pancaking as:
E = Q/(4 Pi e0 r^2) (1 - (v^2/c^2))/(1 - (v^2/c^2) sin^2 theta)^
(3/2)
If we let b = v^2/c^2 then we can interpret apparent charge Q' to be:
Q' = Q (1 - b)/(1 - b sin^2 theta)^(3/2)
which can be interpreted to mean apparent charge is reduced to
observers in line with the charge velocity vector and increased as
the viewing angle is increased. (This fractional charge concept was
mine, not Shadowitz's.)
Note - it is not standard physics to interpret pancaking as a change
in apparent charge (standard relativity assumes charge is invariant
with velocity) but rather a change in observed field strength, but we
should be able to interpret the pancaking equation for Q' either way.
My investigation of this had to do with force effects of a circular
current when viewed from outside the circle. When applied to
fractional orbit forces, the equations apply to force within the
circle, which should still exhibit exactly the same effect. This
means that as the orbit becomes smaller and velocity becomes
relativistic, the nucleus-electron force should increase. Very small
hydrinos should be smaller even than expected due to the increased
force. The apparent charges of the nucleus and electrons, viewed in
each other's reference frames, should increase due to relativistic
effects.
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
