Horace Heffner wrote: > On May 21, 2009, at 6:35 PM, Jones Beene wrote: > >> Then there is the gray area of fractions which are >1 but never >> integers. The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is a physical >> phenomenon in which charge is found which is not a complete integer >> of the elementary charge. Catch-22: it is often assumed by the >> Grand Poobahs of fizzix to be greater than one, and never less than >> one. Go figure. >> > > > You may be interested to know that an apparent fractional charge > develops when charges interact at relativistic velocities. I > investigated this concept in some depth in: > > http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/SR-CircleCoil.pdf > > This change in apparent charge is due to the change in the apparent E > field strength, depending on the angle of the observation, in the > vicinity of a relativistically moving charge. This change in field > strength (and thus apparent charge) is called field pancaking. The > apparent charge can either increase or decrease, i.e. Q'/Q ratio can > be above or below 1, depending on the angle of observation. > > On p.492 of *The Electromagnetic Field*, Albert Shadowitz provides > the equation for relativistic (Coulombic) field pancaking as: > > E = Q/(4 Pi e0 r^2) (1 - (v^2/c^2))/(1 - (v^2/c^2) sin^2 theta)^ > (3/2) > > If we let b = v^2/c^2 then we can interpret apparent charge Q' to be: > > Q' = Q (1 - b)/(1 - b sin^2 theta)^(3/2) > > which can be interpreted to mean apparent charge is reduced to > observers in line with the charge velocity vector and increased as > the viewing angle is increased. (This fractional charge concept was > mine, not Shadowitz's.) >
That's a very interesting way of seeing it, Horace. If you observe a rotating vector from a standing position, and supposing you can only see the part of the rotating vector that is perpendicular to your vantage point(that is, the part of it that is intersecting the "slice" of reality you're in), what you'll observe from your standpoint and observational limitations as a diminishing and increasing(i.e. fractional on average) "force" or field strength, can really(as "in reality"), be a rotation over an higher dimensional axis. That is, you'll be always observing only the cosine(or better, the mean of the intersecting vector's cosine) of the real "force". Projective (hyper dimensional) geometry is a good aid in these cases, to form a mental model of the real situation. > Note - it is not standard physics to interpret pancaking as a change > in apparent charge (standard relativity assumes charge is invariant > with velocity) but rather a change in observed field strength, but we > should be able to interpret the pancaking equation for Q' either way. > > My investigation of this had to do with force effects of a circular > current when viewed from outside the circle. When applied to > fractional orbit forces, the equations apply to force within the > circle, which should still exhibit exactly the same effect. This > means that as the orbit becomes smaller and velocity becomes > relativistic, the nucleus-electron force should increase. Very small > hydrinos should be smaller even than expected due to the increased > force. The apparent charges of the nucleus and electrons, viewed in > each other's reference frames, should increase due to relativistic > effects. > > Best regards, > > Horace Heffner > http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/ > > > > > >
