There are a wide number of inventions or independent observations related to 'free energy' that appear to be derived from a single phenomena: charge clusters or other anomalous concentrations of charge. The fundamental work appears to be from Ken Shoulders (patent 5018180). His patent suggests an enormous amount of personal effort. Basically, he created intense bundles of charge using a sort of traveling wave tube. Because the charge is so concentrated, nuclear effects arise easily. There is other similar work: Nelson - patent 6465965 using a space charge in a vacuum tube. There is a claim of replication ( Ken Rauen) JLN Labs "VSG 4.1" which produces excess energy from a spark Stanislav Adamenko plasma diode with transmutation The Chernetski plasma arc device The (very old) French patent 651272 using an arcing relay to increase power The underwater transmutation of carbon into iron using arcs Possible Bedini-like devices that use a spark Overunity observations in multipaction tubes by Philo Farnsworth All the Correa patents that use a sudden discharge in a vacuum tube The Spence device (patent 4772816) which claims overunity from a space charge There are also a number of reported anomalous observations of sudden bursts of extreme energy in various plasma tube experiments by Russian and US academics Are Shoulders observations of abnormal transient concentrations of charge correct? If so, then Cold Fusion may be a secondary phenomena, a subset of something more fundamental and powerful. If atttention was shifted in the direction of charge clusters, could we encounter a revolutionary new power source of electricity - rather than excess heat? Is something very profound being overlooked here?
