My article "Gravitational Pair Creation", describing the genesis
process and pair creation in black holes, is finally coming
together. It has been updated, corrected, and substantially improved.
See:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/GravityPairs.pdf
A copy for the archive:
BACKGROUND
An exploration of the concepts of gravimagnetism were discussed in:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/Gravimagnetism.pdf
This theory includes the specification that all gravitational fields
and gravitational
mass is purely imaginary, i.e. carries a factor of i = (-1)^(1/2).
Particles can carry
either ordinary gravitational charge, with a factor of +i, or
negative gravitational
charge -i. Gravitational repulsion occurs between particles having
gravitational
charge of opposed signs.
The gravimagnetic theory theory also encompasses the possibility of
the existence of
mirror matter, i.e. matter for which the left-handedness of laws is
replaced with
right-handedness. Such matter couples with ordinary matter only by
gravitation,
and a very weak electromagnetic coupling on the order of 5x10^9 that
of the
Coulomb force.
Because mass with opposing gravitational charge is proposed to exist,
it is a
necessary consequence that the extreme gravitational field intensity
within a black
hole can create pairs having opposed mass charge, retaining the
particle of same
gravitational charge type, and forcibly ejecting the particle of
unlike type.
For example, if the black hole of made of ordinary matter, having
mass charge +i*M,
and a particle is created from the vacuum having mass -i * m, the
force F between
the two at separation r is given by:
F = G*(-i*m) (+iM)/r^2 = G* -(i)^2 m * M/r^2 = G*m*M/r^2
Since the sign of the force is positive, it is repulsive, and the
particle immediately
has the enormous potential energy:
E = G*m*M/r
and is ejected with that energy, provided the distance between the
particle pair is
sufficient at the local gravitational field intensity to permanently
separate the pair.
If the black hole center is a singularity then the volume of space
around it within
Gravitational Pair Creation
Horace Heffner August, 2009
Page 1
some radius R will have sufficient field strength to accomplish pair
separation.
The purpose here is, within the scope of the gravimagnetic theory, to
examine valid
types of charged pair creation from the vacuum, to classify what
kinds of particles
are retained and what kinds are ejected from a given type of black hole.
PARTICLE CLASSIFICATION
For purposes of this analysis charged particles can be classified
using four binary
characteristics:
T - Type: Matter or Antimatter (M or A)
C - Charge: positive or negative (+, -)
G - Gravitational charge type, (+i or -i)
H - Handedness: L (normal matter), R (mirror matter)
Neutral particles, some of which can periodically morph handedness
and result in
weak matter/mirror-matter coupling, will be ignored for the purposes
of this
analysis.
We can now see each particle type can be identified or classified by
a 4-tuple of the
form:
(T,C,G,H)
There are thus 16 particle types in this classification scheme.
If a tuple entry is designated T,C,G, or H, then a particle with the
opposite
characteristic can be designated correspondingly, T', C', G' or H'. A
tuple with all
characteristics opposite the characteristics of (T,C,G,H) is thus
(T',C',G',H').
ANTIPARTICLE PAIR CREATION CONSTRAINT ON HANDEDNESS
Let us assume charge and gravitational charge must be conserved for
any pair
creation from the vacuum. Further, since we observe an antiparticle
creation for each
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Horace Heffner August, 2009
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charged particle creation, and mirror scientists must observe a
similar phenomenon,
we know that if one species of particle having handedness
characteristic H is
created, there must simultaneously be created an antiparticle also
having
characteristic H. This is because we always see pairs created from
the vacuum, e.g.
an electron with a positron. If handedness were assigned
independently, we would
not see half of each pair created.
We thus have the following possibilities for matter/antimatter pair
creation,
assuming charged particles can be created from the vacuum in pairs
and genesis
creation in quartets is not required:
(T,C=f(T),G,H), (T',C=f(T'),G',H)
Here f(T) is a function unique to each charged particle type, which
matches charges
to correspond with type, e.g. electron (-) with matter, positron (+)
with antimatter,
proton (+) with matter, antiproton (-) with antimatter, etc. Since
the mapping of f
always preserves a 1-1 correspondence between choices of T and C, we
can therefore
eliminate C from our tuple when considering possible cases. This
leaves the 3-tuple:
(T,G,H)
THE EIGHT PAIR COMBINATIONS
To describe the feasible combinations of characteristics for particle
creation. We now
can describe valid pair creation as:
(T,G,H), (T',G',H)
This gives 8 possible classifications of pair creation
(M,+i,L), (A,-i,L)
(A,+i,L), (M,-i,L)
(M,-i,L), (A,+i,L) *
(A,-i,L), (M,+i,L) *
(M,+i,R), (A,-i,R)
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Horace Heffner August, 2009
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(A,+i,R), (M,-i,R)
(M,-i,R), (A,+i,R) *
(A,-i,R), (M,+i,R) *
However, we can ignore pair order, so the duplicates, marked with an
asterisk above
can be eliminated, leaving the following four pair combinations:
(M,+i,L), (A,-i,L)
(A,+i,L), (M,-i,L)
(M,+i,R), (A,-i,R)
(A,+i,R), (M,-i,R)
This leaves all eight feasible possibilities for particle types:
(M,+i,L),
(A,-i,L),
(A,+i,L),
(M,-i,L),
(M,+i,R),
(A,-i,R),
(A,+i,R),
(M,-i,R)
Out of the above, assuming each tuple has equal probability of
existence, ordinary
matter (M,+i,L) constitutes only 1/8 of the matter in the Universe.
However, suppose this matter is being generated from the vacuum by a
black hole
that has -i gravitational charge. All the particles having -i
gravitational charge will
be absorbed into the black hole, increasing its mass. This leaves the
following
particle types being ejected at high velocity:
(M,+i,L),
(A,+i,L),
(M,+i,R),
(A,+i,R)
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Horace Heffner August, 2009
Page 4
If the local universe consisted of one black hole then it would
consist of half dark
energy hidden in the black hole, consisting of the following particle
types:
(A,-i,L),
(M,-i,L),
(A,-i,R),
(M,-i,R)
It is of interest here that, if the matter-antimatter pairs above
mutually
annihilated, the mass charges would remain in the black hole and the
black hole
would not lose mass.
Of the remaining matter not in the black hole, half is mirror matter,
and thus dark
matter with with attractive gravitational charge. A quarter is
ordinary matter, and
a quarter is antimatter. This doesn't answer the question as to why
antimatter is
not around in a quantity equivalent to mirror matter, so is POSSIBLY not
consistent with an actual genesis of the universe.
PAIR ANNIHILATION
Particles created by a negative mass black hole, namely (M,+i,L), (A,
+i,L), (M,+i,R),
and (A,+i,R), are half matter and half antimatter. We can thus expect
them to
annihilate at a high rate outside the black hole. We would expect
these to be mostly
in the form of positrons and electrons, because, being light, they
can be created from
the vacuum in greater frequency without violating Heisenberg.
However, their mass
charge and handedness remain after their annihilation, requiring the
creation of a
properly handed photon from the annihilation. These photons come in
equal
amounts of left and right handed photons, thus, under this scenario,
a black hole of
any charge type is somewhat visible in both our right handed and left
handed mirror
universe. Astronomers in both universes should be able to determine
that positrons
and electrons are issuing forth from black holes, and should be able
to determine
that they have negative mass charge, i.e. are not-so-dark dark energy.
Note that true radiationless annihilation can only occur under this
classification
scheme when the following four pair types unite:
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Horace Heffner August, 2009
Page 5
(M,+i,L), (A,-i,L)
(A,+i,L), (M,-i,L)
(M,+i,R), (A,-i,R)
(A,+i,R), (M,-i,R)
This kind of radiationless annihilation, genesis in reverse, should
be comparatively
rare, given that these pair types should be maintained separately in
distant parts of
the universe by their opposing gravitational charges. This property
maintains the
existence of the universe.
PROBLEM OF THE MISSING ANTIMATTER
There is an apparent imbalance of matter vs antimatter in the known
universe. One
solution to this problem of where the antimatter went is to assume
antimatter has -
i gravitational charge, and the initial genesis process did not come
from a black hole,
but rather the repellant -i and +i gravitational charges which were
created in an
essentially uniform manner. This answers both why the big bang was
not a black
hole, and where all the missing antimatter went - it went to the edge
of the universe.
This then leaves only 4 types of matter:
(M,+i,L), ordinary matter
(A,-i,L), ordinary antimatter, dark energy, but isolated gravitationally
(M,+i,R), mirror matter (dark matter with ordinary gravity)
(A,-i,R), mirror antimatter, dark energy, but isolated gravitationally
If each has equal probability, then this leaves the universe as 1/4
ordinary matter,
1/4 dark matter around us, and 1/2 dark energy, the dark energy
located mainly
remotely, but also flowing from ordinary black holes, especially at
the centers of
galaxies.
CONSERVATION OF HANDEDNESS
Suppose handedness H must be conserved like the other
characteristics, T and G,
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Horace Heffner August, 2009
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say to preserve angular momentum. We then have the necessity that, in
a genesis
transaction with the vacuum, given only the feasible particles (M,
+i,L), (A,-i,L),
(M,+i,R), and (A,-i,R), particles must be created in quartets of the
form:
(M,+i,L), (A,-i,L), (M,+i,R), (A,-i,R)
In other words, when particles are created by a genesis process,
equivalent mirror
matter particles are simultaneously created.
This quartet production scheme then preserves the balance of all 4
selected charged
particle characteristics,
T - Type: Matter or Antimatter (M or A)
C - Charge: positive or negative (+, -)
G - Gravitational charge, (+i or -i)
H - Handedness: L (normal matter), R (mirror matter)
PAIR WISE ALTERNATIVE TO GENESIS QUARTET CREATION
The overall balance guaranteed by genesis quartet creation could be
preserved by
pair wise processes, provided they had equal probability, e.g.:
(M,+i,L), (A,-i,L)
and:
(M,+i,R), (A,-i,R)
MIRROR MATTER HAVING NEGATIVE GRAVITATIONAL MASS
A similar arrangement can be found by assuming that all mirror matter
has
negative gravitational mass, as was assumed in the original
gravimagnetics paper:
http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/FullGravimag.pdf
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Horace Heffner August, 2009
Page 7
Negative gravitational mass (charge -i) mirror matter was there named
"cosmic
matter".
Particles in this scenario must be created in quartets of the form:
(M,+i,L), (A,+i,L), (M,-i,R), (A,-i,R)
or pair wise in equal probabilities by:
(M,+i,L), (A,+i,L)
(M,-i,R), (A,-i,R)
COMBINED PAIR WISE CREATION
Suppose the genesis quartet scenarios:
(M,+i,L), (A,-i,L), (M,+i,R), (A,-i,R)
(M,+i,L), (A,+i,L), (M,-i,R), (A,-i,R)
have equal probabilities. The genesis process could thus be imitated
in the ongoing
universe by the following pair creations having equal probabilities:
(M,+i,L), (A,-i,L)
(M,+i,R), (A,-i,R)
(M,+i,L), (A,+i,L)
(M,-i,R), (A,-i,R)
Note that this gives antimatter a 1/4 probability of having a
positive gravitational
charge, and matter only a 1/4 probability of having a negative
gravitational charge.
This then provides the opportunity for the universe to separate
matter and
antimatter gravitationally. That which is left behind in a
gravitationally
segregated volume can mutually annihilate leaving predominately
matter with
positive gravitational charge in positive gravitational areas, and
antimatter far
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Horace Heffner August, 2009
Page 8
removed gravitationally.
Note also that left handed matter initially has a 1/4 probability of
being negative
gravitational matter, and right handed matter has a 1/4 probability
of being
positive gravitationally charged matter.
Here is what happens when the charges separate:
Negative gravitational mass region populations:
25% (A,-i,L), 25% (A,-i,R), 25% (M,-i,R), 25% (A,-i,R)
Positive gravitational mass region:
25% (M,+i,L), 25% (M,+i,R), 25% (M,+i,L), 25%(A,+i,L)
However, we can expect most all of (M,-i,R) to be wiped out by
annihilation in the
negative gravitational mass region, leaving each of the identical (A,-
i,R), (A,-i,R)
populations reduced by about a half. This then results in the population
distribution in the negative gravitational mass region of:
50% (A,-i,L), 50% (A,-i,R)
Similarly the resulting population distribution in the positive
gravitational mass
region to approaches:
50% (M,+i,L), 50% (M,+i,R)
This means that about half of our local universe is mirror matter and
half is not,
and almost all of it has positive gravitational charge, except for
the negative
gravitational mass particles spewing forth from local black holes,
which have the
following distribution: 25% (M,-i,L), 25% (A,-i,L), 25% (M,-i,R), and
25% (A,-i,R).
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Horace Heffner August, 2009
Page 9
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
