My article "Gravitational Pair Creation", describing the genesis
process and pair creation in black holes, is again updated and
corrected, due to my usual incompetence.
See:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/GravityPairs.pdf
A copy for the archive:
BACKGROUND
The concepts of gravimagnetism were defined and explored in:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/Gravimagnetism.pdf
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CosmicSearch.pdf
http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/PioneerAnom.pdf
The theory of gravimagnetics includes the specification that all
gravitational fields and gravitational mass is purely imaginary, i.e.
carries a factor of i = (-1)^(1/2). Particles can carry either
ordinary gravitational charge, with a factor of +i, or negative
gravitational charge -i. Gravitational repulsion occurs between
particles having gravitational charge of opposed signs.
The gravimagnetic theory theory also encompasses the possibility of
the existence of mirror matter, i.e. matter for which the left-
handedness of electromagnetic laws is replaced with right-
handedness. Such matter couples with ordinary matter only by
gravitation, and a very weak electromagnetic coupling on the order of
5x10^9 that of the Coulomb force.
Because mass with opposing gravitational charge is proposed to exist,
it is a necessary consequence that the extreme gravitational field
intensity within a black hole can create from vacuum fluctuation
energy pairs having opposed mass charge, retaining the particle of
same gravitational charge type, and forcibly ejecting the particle of
unlike type.
For example, if a black hole of made of ordinary matter, having mass
charge +i*M, and a particle is created from the vacuum having mass -i
* m, the force F between the two at separation r is given by:
F = G*(-i*m) (+iM)/r^2 = G* -(i)^2 m * M/r^2 = G*m*M/r^2
Since the sign of the force is positive, it is repulsive, and
provided the field gradient is sufficient at radius r, the pair
partner with mass -i*m is absorbed into the black hole singularity,
the particle immediately has the enormous potential energy:
E = G*m*M/r
and is ejected from the black hole with that energy. Ejecta
particles from a black hole thus will have a particle type and
kinetic energy spectrum established according to the probability of
specific pair creations at a given shell radius, integrated over all
shell radii around the singularity. Each mass of black hole thus
has a unique spectrum of kinetic energies by particle type.
If any black hole center is a singularity then the volume of space
around it within some radius R will have sufficient field strength
and field gradient to accomplish pair separation.
The purpose here is, within the scope of the gravimagnetic theory,
to examine valid types of charged pair creation from the vacuum, to
classify what kinds of particles are retained and what kinds are
ejected from a given type of black hole.
PARTICLE CLASSIFICATION
For purposes of this analysis charged particles can be classified
using four binary characteristics:
T - Type: Matter or Antimatter (M or A)
C - Charge: positive or negative (+, -)
G - Gravitational charge type, (+i or -i)
H - Handedness: L (normal matter), R (mirror matter)
Neutral particles, some of which can periodically morph handedness
and result in weak matter/mirror-matter coupling, will be ignored for
the purposes of this analysis.
We can now see each particle type can be identified or classified by
a 4-tuple of the form:
(T,C,G,H)
There are thus 16 particle types in this classification scheme.
If a tuple entry is designated T,C,G, or H, then a particle with the
opposite characteristic can be designated correspondingly, T', C', G'
or H'. A tuple with all characteristics opposite the
characteristics of (T,C,G,H) is thus (T',C',G',H').
ANTIPARTICLE PAIR CREATION CONSTRAINT ON HANDEDNESS
Let us assume charge and gravitational charge must be conserved for
any pair creation from the vacuum. Further, since we observe an
antiparticle creation for each charged particle creation, and mirror
scientists must observe a similar phenomenon, we know that if one
species of particle having handedness characteristic H is created,
there must simultaneously be created an antiparticle also having
characteristic H. This is because we always see pairs created from
the vacuum, e.g. an electron with a positron. If handedness were
assigned independently, we would not see half of each charged pair
created.
We thus have the following possibilities for matter/antimatter pair
creation, assuming charged particles can be created from the vacuum
in pairs and genesis creation in quartets is not required:
(T,C=f(T),G,H), (T',C=f(T'),G',H)
Here f(T) is a function unique to each charged particle type, which
matches charges to correspond with type, e.g. electron (-) with
matter, positron (+) with antimatter, proton (+) with matter,
antiproton (-) with antimatter, etc. Since the mapping of f always
preserves a 1-1 correspondence between choices of T and C, we can
therefore eliminate C from our tuple when considering possible
classification cases. This leaves the 3-tuple:
(T,G,H)
THE EIGHT PAIR COMBINATIONS
To describe the feasible combinations of characteristics for particle
creation. We now can describe valid pair creation as:
(T,G,H), (T',G',H)
This gives 8 possible classifications of pair creation
(M,+i,L), (A,-i,L)
(A,+i,L), (M,-i,L)
(M,-i,L), (A,+i,L) *
(A,-i,L), (M,+i,L) *
(M,+i,R), (A,-i,R)
(A,+i,R), (M,-i,R)
(M,-i,R), (A,+i,R) *
(A,-i,R), (M,+i,R) *
However, we can ignore pair order, so the duplicates, marked with an
asterisk above can be eliminated, leaving the following four pair
combinations:
(M,+i,L), (A,-i,L)
(A,+i,L), (M,-i,L)
(M,+i,R), (A,-i,R)
(A,+i,R), (M,-i,R)
This leaves all eight feasible possibilities for particle types:
(M,+i,L),
(A,-i,L),
(A,+i,L),
(M,-i,L),
(M,+i,R),
(A,-i,R),
(A,+i,R),
(M,-i,R)
Out of the above, assuming each tuple has equal probability of
existence, ordinary matter (M,+i,L) constitutes only 1/8 of the
matter in the Universe.
However, suppose this matter is being generated from the vacuum by a
black hole that has -i gravitational charge. All the particles having
-i gravitational charge will be absorbed into the black hole,
increasing its mass. This leaves the following particle types being
ejected at high velocity:
(M,+i,L),
(A,+i,L),
(M,+i,R),
(A,+i,R)
If the local universe consisted of one black hole then it would
consist of about half the local universe’s dark energy, as hidden in
the black hole, consisting of the following particle types:
(A,-i,L),
(M,-i,L),
(A,-i,R),
(M,-i,R)
It is of interest here that, if the matter-antimatter pairs above
mutually annihilated, the mass charges would remain in the black hole
and the black hole would not lose mass.
Of the remaining matter not in the black hole, half is mirror matter,
and thus dark matter with with attractive gravitational charge. A
quarter is ordinary matter, and a quarter is antimatter. This
scenario doesn't answer the question as to why antimatter is not
around in a quantity equivalent to mirror matter, so is likely not
consistent with an actual genesis of the universe. A more likely
scenario is described in a following section
PAIR ANNIHILATION
Particles created by a negative mass black hole, namely (M,+i,L), (A,
+i,L), (M,+i,R), and (A,+i,R), are half matter and half antimatter.
We can thus expect them to annihilate at a high rate outside the
black hole. We would expect these to be mostly in the form of
positrons and electrons, because, being light, they can be created
from the vacuum in greater frequency without violating Heisenberg
during their initial fluctuation. However, their mass charge and
handedness remain after their annihilation, requiring the creation of
a properly handed photon from the annihilation. These photons come
in equal amounts of left and right handed photons, thus, under this
scenario, a black hole of any charge type is somewhat visible in both
our right handed and left handed mirror universe. Astronomers in
both universes should be able to determine that positrons and
electrons are issuing forth from black holes, and should be able to
determine that they have negative mass charge, i.e. are not-so-dark
dark energy.
Note that true radiationless annihilation can only occur under this
classification scheme when the following four pair types unite:
(M,+i,L), (A,-i,L)
(A,+i,L), (M,-i,L)
(M,+i,R), (A,-i,R)
(A,+i,R), (M,-i,R)
This kind of radiationless annihilation, genesis in reverse, should
be comparatively rare, given that these pair types should be
maintained separately in distant parts of the universe by their
opposing gravitational charges. This property maintains the
existence of the universe.
PROBLEM OF THE MISSING ANTIMATTER
There is an apparent imbalance of matter vs antimatter in the known
universe. One solution to this problem of where the antimatter went
is to assume antimatter has -i gravitational charge, and the initial
genesis process did not come from a black hole, but rather from
repellant -i and +i gravitational charges which were created in an
essentially uniform manner. This answers both why the big bang was
not a black hole, and where all the missing antimatter went - it went
to the edge of the universe.
This then leaves only 4 types of matter:
(M,+i,L), ordinary matter
(A,-i,L), ordinary antimatter, dark energy, but isolated gravitationally
(M,+i,R), mirror matter (dark matter with ordinary gravity)
(A,-i,R), mirror antimatter, dark energy, but isolated gravitationally
If each has equal probability, then this leaves the universe as 1/4
ordinary matter,
1/4 dark matter around us, and 1/2 dark energy, the dark energy
located mainly
remotely, but also flowing from ordinary black holes, especially at
the centers of
galaxies.
CONSERVATION OF HANDEDNESS
Suppose handedness H must be conserved like the other
characteristics, T and G, say to preserve angular momentum. We then
have the necessity that, in a genesis transaction with the vacuum,
given only the feasible particles (M,+i,L), (A,-i,L), (M,+i,R), and
(A,-i,R), particles must be created in quartets of the form:
(M,+i,L), (A,-i,L), (M,+i,R), (A,-i,R)
In other words, when particles are created by a genesis process,
equivalent mirror matter particles are simultaneously created.
This quartet production scheme then instantaneously preserves the
balance of all 4 selected charged particle characteristics,
T - Type: Matter or Antimatter (M or A)
C - Charge: positive or negative (+, -)
G - Gravitational charge, (+i or -i)
H - Handedness: L (normal matter), R (mirror matter)
PAIR WISE ALTERNATIVE TO GENESIS QUARTET CREATION
The overall balance guaranteed by genesis quartet creation could be
preserved by pair wise processes, provided they had equal
probability, e.g.:
(M,+i,L), (A,-i,L)
and:
(M,+i,R), (A,-i,R)
MIRROR MATTER HAVING NEGATIVE GRAVITATIONAL MASS
A similar arrangement can be found by assuming that all mirror
matter has negative gravitational mass, as was assumed in the
original gravimagnetics paper:
http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/FullGravimag.pdf
Negative gravitational mass (charge -i) mirror matter was there named
"cosmic matter".
Particles in this scenario must be created in quartets of the form:
(M,+i,L), (A,+i,L), (M,-i,R), (A,-i,R)
or pair wise in equal probabilities as the pairs:
(M,+i,L), (A,+i,L)
or
(M,-i,R), (A,-i,R)
COMBINED PAIR WISE CREATION
Suppose the genesis quartet scenarios:
(M,+i,L), (A,-i,L), (M,+i,R), (A,-i,R)
(M,+i,L), (A,+i,L), (M,-i,R), (A,-i,R)
have equal probabilities. The genesis process could thus be imitated
in the ongoing universe by the following pair creations having equal
probabilities:
(M,+i,L), (A,-i,L)
(M,+i,R), (A,-i,R)
(M,+i,L), (A,+i,L)
(M,-i,R), (A,-i,R)
Note that this gives antimatter a 1/4 probability of having a
positive gravitational charge, and matter only a 1/4 probability of
having a negative gravitational charge. This then provides the
opportunity for the universe to separate matter and antimatter
gravitationally. That which is left behind in a gravitationally
segregated volume can mutually annihilate leaving predominately
matter with positive gravitational charge in positive gravitational
areas, and antimatter far removed, isolated gravitationally.
Note also that left handed matter initially has a 1/4 probability of
being negative gravitational matter, and right handed matter has a
1/4 probability of being positive gravitationally charged matter.
Here is what happens when the charges separate:
Negative gravitational mass region populations:
25% (A,-i,L), 25% (A,-i,R), 25% (M,-i,R), 25% (A,-i,R)
Positive gravitational mass region:
25% (M,+i,L), 25% (M,+i,R), 25% (M,+i,L), 25%(A,+i,L)
However, we can expect most all of (M,-i,R) to be wiped out by
annihilation in the negative gravitational mass region, leaving each
of the identical (A,-i,R), (A,-i,R) populations reduced by about a
half. This then results in the population distribution in the
negative gravitational mass region of:
50% (A,-i,L), 50% (A,-i,R)
Similarly the resulting population distribution in the positive
gravitational mass region approaches:
50% (M,+i,L), 50% (M,+i,R)
This means that about half of our local universe is mirror matter and
half is not, and almost all of it has positive gravitational charge,
except for the negative gravitational mass particles spewing forth
from local black holes, which have the following distribution: 25%
(M,-i,L), 25% (A,-i,L), 25% (M,-i,R), and 25% (A,-i,R).
ADDITIONAL PARTICLE CLASSIFICATION
Particles with no gravitational charge, can be classified by adding
the value 0i to the G characteristic. Similarly, neutral particles
can be classified by adding 0 to the C characteristic. Other
particle characteristics, like spin, can be added to the tuples to
gain a full classification system that defines the limits of what
kinds of vacuum transactions can occur.
SUMMARY
A initial exploration was made of how the theory gravimagnetism, as
defined by this author, predicts pair production from the vacuum
within a black hole. The types of charged matter that can be created
were classified. This theory can be confirmed by finding a flux of
electrons and positrons radiating radially from black holes, with
both the flux and kinetic energy spectrum appropriate to the mass of
the black holes. It can also be confirmed by a finding a brightness
in the vicinity of electron-positron annihilation energy near naked
black holes, the spectrum of which is appropriate to the size of the
black hole and blue shifted according to the expected kinetic energy
distribution of the pairs issuing forth.
This theory can also be confirmed by finding meta-matter, ordinary
matter bound to mirror matter, here on earth, consisting of both the
positive and negative gravitational charge kinds, as described in
“Searching for Cosmic Matter”:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/CosmicSearch.pdf
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
