Earlier "nuclear catalytic reactions" in LENR were defined here:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/dfRpt
specifically in regards to Reports C and D.
Report C, including 288 reactions in 20 pages, 44 kB, demonstrates 3-
body nuclear catalytic LENR reactions, which can more simply just be
be called “nuclear catalytic reactions”, or NCRs, a new class of LENR
reaction proposed by this author. This class of reaction may provide
a fundamental new understanding of how hydrogen fusion most often
occurs in a lattice, by use of the lattice heavy element nuclei as
catalysts. A given hydrogen atom is much closer to lattice element
nuclei than to any other hydrogen atom in the lattice. If a hydrogen
nucleus is in the deflated state, it is much more probable it will
tunnel to a lattice nucleus than to the site of another hydrogen
nucleus which is much further away. Tunneling distance is in an
exponential term of the tunneling probability. The lattice nucleus
can thus act as a catalyst for multiple simultaneous deuteron
reactions which would otherwise not be feasible under less than
extreme loading conditions. In that magnetic gradients are necessary
to the tunneling of deflated state nuclei, and thus heavy element
LENR, it is therefore also true that magnetic gradients are important
to n-body heavy element catalytic LENR. High magnetic fields are also
important to deflation fusion because it tends to spin align the
deflated nucleus and thus improve spin coupling binding energy. While
only 3-body reactions of the type:
X + 2 D* --> X + Y
were selected for Report C, it is also true that many more (n+1)-body
catalytic reactions of the form:
X + n D* --> X + Y
can be found in Report A, and reactions solely of that type are in
Report D. It is likely that 3-body catalytic reactions, rather than n-
body reactions, n > 3, dominate heavy element catalyzed LENR, so
Report C was created to show only those reactions, though it is very
boring as they are all exactly of the form:
X + 2 D* --> X + 4He2 + 23.847 MeV
What notably changes is the energy deficit due to deflated electrons.
It appears elements heavier than tin can be expected to be capable of
weak reactions and heavy element transmutation LENR.
It is especially notable that no equivalent report is feasible for
the strong force catalytic reactions:
X + 2 p* ---> X + Z
because no such reactions are feasible producing stable Z, because pp
is not a stable particle. This makes for a significant difference
between light water and heavy water experiments. Light water
experiments are not capable of heavy element catalytic LENR unless
weak reactions follow the creation of the compound nucleus. This
makes such reactions rare. It is feasible for X + n p* --> X + Z
heavy element transmutation reactions to occur via strong force
reactions, but only in the cases n > 2, or the cases of reactions of
the form X + 2 p* --> Y + H. It is important to note that
X + 2 p* --> Y + H
is energetically not the same as:
X + p* --> Y
because the negative energy due to the two catalytic electrons in the
former greatly exceeds the negative energy provided by the single
catalytic electron in the later reaction. Further, two additional
bodies are available to carry off kinetic energy. For example,
consider the two reactions:
26Mg12 + p* --> 27Al13 + 8.271 MeV [3.663 MeV]
26Mg12 + 2 p* --> 27Al13 + 1H1 + 8.271 MeV [-1.593 MeV]
The trapping energy of the extra deflated electron provides a strong
catalytic influence due to the initial negative reaction energy, i.e.
due to deflated electron binding energy immediaely post fusion.
Report D, 136 kB, including 2,016 reactions in 94 pages, provides all
the energetically feasible X + n D* --> X + Z Reactions, for n = 1 to
4. These are in the set of all n-body heavy element nuclear catalytic
LENR reactions, a new class of reaction. Note the preponderance of
negative energies in brackets for the heaviest lattice elements. This
indicates good prospects for subsequent weak reactions when these
heavy elements are in the lattice. Such weak rections are covered in
separate reports.
It is notable that the above reports merely examined energetically
feasible final products, without regard to the nature of the compound
nucleus.
If lead can be used productively as a deuterium to helium nuclear
catalyst effectively then lead is an interesting candidate because it
is cheap and plentiful, and because its various naturally occurring
stable isotopes are terminal isotopes in a number of decay chains.
Though lead does not make a useful CF lattice by itself, it might be
co-deposited with deuterium and with Pd or Ni or other appropriate
lattice forming element, including Ca. Deuterium can be diffused
through lead layers to enable the reactions, or possibly diffused
through a medium with lead nanoparticles or through a low
conductivity lead alloy. Numerous lead alloys are commercially
available, including lead-calcium alloys used commonly in battery
electrodes. See:
http://www.keytometals.com/Article10.htm
Key is utilization of a hydrogen permeable high lead content
lattice. Lead alloys have low melting points, which might be useful
for helium removal.
Of further interest is that the Pd + 2D* compound nuclei
spontaneously alpha decay with practical half-lives, even if their
source is not LENR.
The lead isotopes and natural abundances are:
El. Abundance
204Pb 1.4% (1.4x10^17 y half-life)
206Pb 24.1%
207Pd 22.1%
208Pd 52.4%
The primary lead nuclear catalytic reactions are:
208Pb82 + 2D* --> 212Po84 --> 4He2 + 208Pb82 (3x10^-7 s half life)
207Pb82 + 2D* --> 211Po84 --> 4He2 + 207Pb82 (56 ms half life)
206Pb82 + 2D* --> 210Po84 --> 4He2 + 206Pb82 (148.37 d half life)
with some much less common (and desirable) additional reactions:
204Pb82 + 2D* --> 208Po84 --> 4He2 + 204Pb82 (2.898 y half life)
204Pb82 + 2D* + e- --> 208Po84 + e- --> 208Bi83 (2.898 y half life)
The half lives given, though they apply to the compound nuclei, are
only upper limits in these cases, because they only apply to nuclei
without tightly bound free electrons in them. Such electrons generate
much shorter half-lives and precipitate heavy fragment fissions.
Best regards,
Horace Heffner
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/
