At 07:24 PM 6/10/2010, Jones Beene wrote:
The OppenheimerPhillips process, or deuteron
stripping reaction, is a type of
deuteron-induced nuclear reaction which depends
on charge shielding. In this process, the
neutron component of an energetic deuteron fuses
with a target nucleus, transmuting the target to
a heavier isotope while ejecting a proton. An
example is the nuclear transmutation of carbon-12 to carbon-13.
From the Wikipedia article (today's revision:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Phillips_process&action=historysubmit&diff=338693666&oldid=338639507)
The OppenheimerPhillips process or strip
reaction is a type of
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteron>deuteron-induced
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reaction>nuclear
reaction. In this process the
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron>neutron
half of an energetic deuteron (a stable
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope>isotope of
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen>hydrogen
with one
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton>proton and
one neutron) fuses with a target
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus>nucleus,
transmuting the target to a heavier isotope
while ejecting a proton. An example is the
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation>nuclear
transmutation of
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-12>carbon-12
to <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-13>carbon-13.
I wrote much of this, though the skeleton came
from some different source. Ya really should credit sources, Jones.
Let us make the clear distinction that this is a
fusion reaction, followed by beta day of the
heavier nucleus. The fusion is between deuterium
and nickel. The ash is a proton, and eventually
a beta particle and a transmuted element (to
copper). The mechanics of interaction allow a
nuclear fusion interaction to take place at much
lower energies than would be expected from a
calculation of the Coulomb barrier between a deuteron and a target nucleus.
This part is yours. The "much lower energies" are
still high energy. The "calculation of the
Coulomb barrier" refers to considering the
deuteron as a single charge at a single point. In
fact, deuterons are the most asymmetrical of
nucleons, the charge is not distributed uniformly.
From the article:
The process allows a nuclear interaction to take
place at lower energies than would be expected
from a simple calculation of the
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_barrier>Coulomb
barrier between a deuteron and a target nucleus.
This is because as the deuteron approaches the
positively charged target nucleus, it
experiences a
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole>charge
polarization where the "proton-end" faces away
from the target and the "neutron-end" faces
towards the target. The fusion proceeds when the
binding energy of the neutron and the target
nucleus exceeds the binding energy of the
deuteron and a proton is then
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_repulsion>repelled
from the new heavier
nucleus.<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Phillips_process#cite_note-friend68-0>[1]
This is because as the deuteron approaches the
positively charged target nucleus, it
experiences a charge polarization where the
"proton-end" faces away from the target and the
"neutron-end" faces towards the target.
It is possible that similar charge polarization
is involved in cold fusion. The stripping
reaction would produce +1 neutron nuclei, and
energetic protons, with the velocity of the
protons being higher than that of the incident
deuterons. One can think of the nucleus and its
action on the deuteron here as being a catapult.
The catapult is loaded by the heavier deuteron
coming in and losing its kinetic energy to
charge-repulsion potential energy, then the
neutron is yanked from the deuteron, and all that
potential energy now accelerates the lighter proton away from the nucleus.
But it's a long shot. I even edited this article
after being banned from "cold fusion," though it
was just a minor edit affecting links, nothing
controversial, and in spite of the fact that the
cabal tried to ding me for it, the edit stood and
nothing came of the charges. I really hadn't
thought of it as a violation, and this just shows
how far the "skeptics" on Wikipedia will go to exclude people.
The deuteron must be accelerated of course, but
the rate of acceleration, being a function of
time, is expected to be influenced by time
distortion within a Casimir cavity. In this
hypothesis, the Casimir cavity of 2-10 nm is a
sine qua non. The fusion proceeds when the
binding energy of the approaching neutron and
the target nucleus exceeds the binding energy of
the deuteron and the trailing proton. That
proton is then repelled from the new heavier
nucleus. This is one indicia of the reaction
hydrogen in place of deuterium which will poison the reaction unless removed.
OK putting that into the context of nickel,
with the 58Ni, the O-P effect would give 59Ni as
the activated nucleus but this has a very long
half-lie thousands of years so that does not
help us very much. However, with 64Ni you get
65Ni as the activated nucleus and it has a 2.5
hr half life and decays to copper. This is the
range half-life that can explain heat after
death and also the delay in heat buildup over time.
Except you've got to figure out how the deuteron
can get the necessary energy. I don't think
single deuterons can do it. But maybe you can
come up with a way... Copper is not the primary reaction product, helium is.
