-----Original Message-----
From: Mark Iverson-ZeroPoint [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Tuesday, January 10, 2012 5:48 PM
To: [email protected]
Subject: RE: [Vo]:What is the aggregate electrical charge of our sun?
I know this has been discussed in the past years, but I'd like to put this
thought out there for the Vorts who joined in the last 12 months...
What is electric 'charge'? ...
Charge is just a rotational vibration on a particle, easily imparted.
Electric currents are the motions of electrons, not charges, i.e.
electrostatics is entirely different that electric current phenomena. see:
THEORY OF ELECTRONS AND CURRENTS
This paper will present the Reciprocal System theory of electrons and
currents and compare it with the conventional theory
1. The Electron
a. conventional theory
According to present theory1 electrons are classified (along with muons and
neutrinos) as leptons, meaning that they are not affected by the strong
interaction of nuclear forces but suffer the weak interaction that causes
beta decay. These subatoms are all considered to be fermions: they obey
Fermi-Dirac statistics, have spin s =?, and have spinor-wave functions that
satisfy the Dirac equation. The present theory does not yield equations
enabling the calculation of electron mass, charge, and magnetic moment. The
empirical values are:
mass: m = 9.109*10-31 kg
(1)
charge: e = -1.601*10^-19 coulombs
(2)
magnetic moment: ue = 9.28*10^-24 joule/tesla
(3)
Also no size or shape is definitely specified. The closest we have is the
following:
It is obviously tempting to picture an electron as a spinning sphere of
electric charge whose radius is determined by the dimensional relation e2/a
= mc2 at which the electrostatic self-energy of the charge distribution is
comparable with the relativistic energy of the rest mass. This classical
electron radius, a = 2.81785*10-15 m, is an important scale parameter in
physics; but the uniqueness of e, the arbitrariness of the quantization
rules, and the difficulty of making it properly relativistic, forbid such a
purely classical model.
Note that for this radius, and for a spin angular momentum of ? A3h, the
angular velocity of the electron must be 2*1025 rad/sec - giving an
equatorial speed of about 200c!
b. Reciprocal System
The Reciprocal System is much more specific on the details of electron
attributes than conventional theory. My previous papers3 4have described
the shape, size, and all motions constituting the electron.
The electron is a spherical particle resulting from the rotation of a single
photon. The frequency of the photon is
n phot = 2R = 6.576115*10^15 cycles/sec
(4)
(Here R is the Rydberg frequency). The rotational speeds in revolutions per
second around the three axes are r/p- 2R/p - 4R/p or in terms of rev/sec
welec= 1.0466212*10^15rev/sec. - 2.0932424*10^15 rev./sec -4.1864848*10^15
(5)
The electron may be charged or uncharged. If charged, the electron has an
added rotational vibratory motion of
n-elec = R/2p = 5.233106*10^14 cycles/sec
(6)
The diameter d of the electron is one natural space unit, reduced by the
appropriate inter-regional ratio (142.22 here). Thus,
d = 4.55884*10-8/142.22 = 3.2054 A
(7)
2. Electron Flow
a. conventional theory
According to present theory, conduction in metals takes place by movement of
the electrons in the outermost shells of the atoms making up the crystalline
structure of the solid. These electrons reach an average drift velocity
which is directly proportional to the electric field intensity
vd = mE
(8)
where ?, the mobility, has the units m2/V*s. For a conductor of length l,
conductivity o(siemans per meter), and cross-sectional area A, eq. (8) may
be rewritten as
vd = (m*1/(s*A))*I m/s
(9)
EXAMPLE: For a copper conductor 100 mm long and 3 mm in diameter, what is
the average drift velocity of the electrons if the current is 10 amps?
For copper,
s = 5.8*107 S/M -
m = 0.0032 m2/V*s
Here
A = ? p (3*10-3)2 = 7.0686*10-6 m2
Thus,
vd = (.0032*.1/(5.8*107*7.0686*10-6))*10
= 7.805*10-6 m/s
b. Reciprocal System
In the Reciprocal System, the natural unit of velocity is 2.99793*108 m/s
(the speed of light) and the natural unit of current, which is also a
velocity, is 1.0535*10-3 amperes. The conversion is thus
2.99793*108 m/s/1.05353*10-3 amps = 2.8456048*1011 m/s/amps.
Hence the "drift" velocity of electrons (here uncharged and massless) in the
Reciprocal System is
vd = 2.846*1011*I m/s
(10)
EXAMPLE: For the case of the previous example,
vd = 2.846*1011*10 = 2.846*1012 m/s
(11)
The answer of the Reciprocal System is 3.646*1017 times the answer of
conventional theory!
Of course, the number of electrons passing a given point per second must be
the same in both theories.
In the conventional theory,
N = (10 C/s)(1 electron/1.6*10-19C) = 6.25*1019 elec/s
In the Reciprocal System,
N = 3.15842*106 esu/s*1 electron/4.80287*10-10esu *10 amps/1.05353*10-3 amps
= 6.24*1019 elec/s
The difference in "drift" velocities must therefore be due to vastly
different numbers of electrons in the matter of the two theories. More
about this in another paper.
References
1. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 6, pp. 665-672.
2. Ibid., p. 667.
3. R. Satz, "Further Mathematics of the Reciprocal System," Reciprocity,
Vol. X, No. 3.
4. R. Satz, "Photoionization and Photomagnetization in the Reciprocal
System,"Reciprocity, Vol. XII, No. 1.
http://www.reciprocalsystem.com/rs/satz/elecur.htm
http://www.reciprocalsystem.com/rs/satz/index.htm
also this remarkable paper explaining what a magnetic field really is as
well as reducing all natural units to just time and space! :
http://www.reciprocalsystem.com/ce/dimmot.htm
Hoyt Stearns
Scottsdale, Arizona US
