http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5911919.html
For those interested in selecting a protonated nano powder for their the reactors, the reference patent for thermionic materials will offer engineering insights. I think that thorium is a good choice in adding to a proton rich nano-powder as a compliment to electron rich carbon nano powder. Very high reactor operating temperatures will be a future discriminator in the LENR market place due to the potential of grade high reactor heat for very high electrical generation efficiencies and the efficacy of very high process heat as a replacement for natural gas in many industrial processes. >From the reference text as follows: *In the case of DC cathode applications (e.g., arc-lamps, arc welding), thoriated tungsten is used almost exclusively. The cathodes are made of tungsten doped with approximately 2 percent thorium dioxide (W:2%ThO2). Tungsten serves as the refractory metal-matrix which has a very high melting point, it is very electrically and thermally conductive, has reasonably good thermionic emission properties, yet has a work function of approximately 4.5 eV when pure. Thorium dioxide (thoria) is the most refractory oxide ceramic material known (highest melting point and lowest vapor-pressure), and when properly added in small amounts (typically 1 to 3%) to tungsten, thoria aids in controlling the tungsten microstructural characteristics by "pinning" grain boundaries, thereby inhibiting exaggerated or non-uniform grain growth. Further, these characteristics, along with other properties by the thoria, lower the work function of the metal-ceramic system to approximately 2.7-3.0 eV. The lower work function enables the W:2%ThO2 cathode to emit thermionic electrons at lower temperatures and with less localized heating at the tip; thus, the thoriated tungsten electrode maintains its integrity longer than pure tungsten would without the thoria additive.* ** ** On Mon, May 28, 2012 at 8:37 PM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: > Nano dust fusion > > > http://greentechinfo.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/George_Egely_-_Nano_Dust_Fusion_v7.pdf > > Dr. George Egely has developed a form of LENR that is uncommon but may not > be too far off the mark. > > His process is an unusual one. The essential ingredients are dusty plasma > made from nano‐size carbon particles and air and some water vapor. In its > simplest version the process works at atmospheric pressure, and at modest > temperatures at 1000 – 3000 º C. > > I would like to offer some suggestions for improvement that are inspired > by the work of Rossi, DGT, and Chan et al. > > First, lose those hollow quarts balls and the microwave in preference to a > spark plug. The plug is more robust and reliable. It will pump many more > electrons into the plasma due to its high operational voltage then will a > microwave. > > Second, add zirconium carbide nano-powder to the dust; the use of this > metal will provide more charge concentration potential to the plasma. The > use of zirconium carbide with a work function of 3.38 and a very high > melting temperature of 3532 °C will thermalize the gamma radiation > associated with the nuclear reactions of LENR by using a coherent proton > surface charge. > > I love carbide of a transition metals because of their high melting > temperature and their compatibity with carbon powder. Together with carbon, > a very hot plasma temperature will increase operational reactor hydrogen > envelope temperatures to the highest turbo generation efficiencies possible. > > Third, replace the air with a high pressure hydrogen envelope with the > highest pressure possible. > > Some of my reactions to important parts of Dr. George Egely narrative: > > On page 6: > > *My theory of cold fusion centers on charge concentration as the primary > mechanism for shilding the coulumb barrier.* > > *In support of this concept from Dr, Egely’s text as follows:* > > *Here the more or less familiar rules of quantum mechanics or Q.E.D. > rule. In our opinion, strong interaction and “classical” fusion start to > dominate the process above a certain power density in the middle layer. > Sparking is visible on slow motion films. Obviously, the amplitude of > oscillation also depends on the plasma radius, pressure, and temperature. > At the center of the plasma, the amplitudes should be much higher than > those at the outer wall of the acoustic resonator. (There can be the > highest amplitude of a spherical standing wave). See Fig. 5 for the three > layers.* > > *Near the center of the plasma sphere (middle layer), charge shielding > can dominate nuclear processes due to the enormous surface charge density > of the dust. Then repulsing charges of like protons can be overcome by the > huge negative charge density of the carbon particles.* > > *On the slow motion video records, one can clearly see the appearance of > sudden small sparks en mass. Then the Geiger counter starts to click, > though at moderate levels. At present no one knows what goes on in the > center of the acoustic resonator.* > > *In Fig. 6 these simultaneous mechanisms are shown as field amplification > by resonant surface polaritons (Fig. 6/a), direct volumetric polarization > by electron and ion impact (Fig. 6/b), and charge shielding (Fig. 6/c) is > shown, where strong interaction rules (again at a different size level) at > the characteristic size of a nucleon. Obviously these are all hypothetical > mechanisms, as they cannot be observed directly.* > > On page 23 (b) > > *At higher input energy, the sparking region appears, along a mild degree > of radiation – both x rays and particles. (There is a slight radioactivity > in the exhausted dust and the quartz sphere after the power is switched > off, for a couple of days).* > > > > >
