*The indicator that helium is coming from fusion is that it is correlated to anomalous heat, in the FPHE, at approximately the deuterium fusion ratio. *
This assumption must be tested. If the precise composition of the reaction ash from the reaction is studied in detail, assumptions about the reaction can be verified. The material going into the reaction must be known with great purity to give credence to the ash analysis. For your convenience, this from A Student’s Guide to Cold Fusion by Edmund Storms *Recently, and with great difficulty, evidence for nuclear reactions other than fusion is accumulating[227, 228]. These are called transmutation reactions and involve elements much heavier than hydrogen to which hydrogen has been added to their nucleus. Such reactions are found to occur in many environments, including living cells, and when a variety of methods are used. Indeed, the more often these reactions are sought, the more often elements are found in unexpected amounts and/or with abnormal isotopic ratios. Of course, some of the elements result from the unexpected concentration of normally occurring impurities or from simple error. Some proposed reaction products are clearly impossible because energy must be accumulated to account for the mass increase.* *Nevertheless, some of the observed products appear to be produced by LENR along with energy generation. Some of the isotopes are radioactive but most are not. Most evidence is based on using the electrolytic or gas discharge methods, or a combination thereof. Unexpected elements seem to result from many types of reactions, including fusion involving one or more hydrogen isotopes and a heavy nucleus, fusion between two different heavy nuclei, and fission of a heavy nucleus that normally does not experience this type of reaction. This type of reaction has been very difficult to explain using the mechanisms now (2012) being proposed and difficult to explore because the necessary analytical tools are not widely available and are expensive to use. * * * * * * * * Miley et al.[39, 229] have studied this process in some detail using electrolysis of H2O. A spectrum of nuclear products is found, with high concentrations falling into four mass ranges of 20-30, 50-80, 110-130, and 190-210 [230]. Mizuno et al.[13, 231] have also explored the subject in detail using mainly electrolytes based on D2O. Abnormal isotopic ratios of Hg, Fe and Si were found on the cathode after this study. Although some minor elements might have resulted from contamination, it is very difficult to understand how major concentrations could come from this source, especially those having abnormal isotopic ratios. Many additional reports are available.[1, 227] * * * On Fri, Jul 13, 2012 at 1:16 AM, Abd ul-Rahman Lomax <[email protected]>wrote: > At 03:49 PM 7/12/2012, Axil Axil wrote: > > Here is a way to test my guess. >> >> One indicator that the alpha particles come from fusion is a lack of >> light nuclear transmutation products; products with an atomic number less >> than the cathode material. >> > > The indicator that helium is coming from fusion is that it is correlated > to anomalous heat, in the FPHE, at approximately the deuterium fusion ratio. > > > From the begining, the assumption has always been that helium is a >> product of deuterium fusion. This assumption may not be true. >> > > Well, "from the beginning," it was assumed that helium could not be the > product. Helium only came to be known as the predominant ash when it was > measured as correlated with the heat. > > > If helium is found in H/Ni ash, how could that helium be produce? >> > > I'm not at all interested in this question; the question is about the > FPHE, which is an effect in palladium deuteride. I would not expect helium > as the product from NiH electrolytic experiments, unless the reaction is > due to deuterium impurity in the light water. > > As to gas loaded experiments, I expect the same ash as with electrolytic > experiments, but this thread is only about a drop in resistance of the > electrolyte (technically of the whole cell, but the resistance of the > electrodes is small). > > (The resistance of the electrolyte appears largely in the interface layer, > a thin layer adjacent to the surface where the electrochemical reactions > take place. This layer may be particularly sensitive to heat generated at > or near the surface, as well as to short-range ionizing radiation sourced > at or near the surface. The FPHE reaction is generally considered a surface > reaction. Storms is attributing it to phenomena that take place in cracks, > again at the surface. The helium is found in two places: in the evolved gas > -- and thus probably in the bulk electrolyte, and in a thin layer near the > surface of the cathode.) >
