Kudos...Jones. I am a Magnon "Believer",
Respectfully, Ron Kita On Sun, Sep 30, 2012 at 12:08 PM, Jones Beene <[email protected]> wrote: > In 2008, research in spintronics focused onto with what is being called a > spin Seebeck effect. The effect is seen when heat is applied to a > magnetized > metal and it may operate with other inherent phase changes to produce novel > thermal-magnetic effects. The key concept is the magnon. > > Unlike ordinary electron movement, the spin Seebeck effect does not create > heat as a waste product, so that a Curie point can be maintained in a > see-saw fashion, along with other inputs. > > Interesting new paper touching on the spin Seebeck effect and the magnon > connection. It is not exactly on point for Ni-H, but there are clues; and > the references at the end are worth the download. > > http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1209/1209.3405.pdf > > Imagine the magnon as the quantum force carrier of spin, in the same way as > the photon is the quantum of light. Admittedly, this analogy quickly breaks > down in the details since the magnon is a quasiparticle; but for > understanding the major point about the transfer of spin energy from one > nucleus to another, there is more. Photons can illuminate a photocell and > produce electricity, in the sense of forcing electrons into a vector, and > correspondingly, magnons can irradiate a ferromagnetic material to produce > heat to the extent that they alternate polarity rapidly by spin reversals. > Reversals happen repeatedly near the Curie point. > > When a magnetic field reverses its orientation, electric dipoles of atoms > shift orientation - and as a result thermal energy is deposited. Even the > core of a small wall-transformer, when charging your cell phone with a few > watts, gets rather hot from dipole reversal. In general the higher the > frequency of dipole reversal - the more heat is deposited and it is > exponential. 50 or 60 Hertz gives moderate core heating, but RF gives so > much heat that it is the preferred method of rapidly heating some metals > without direct electrical current (Ohmic heat). UV is thousands of times > more robust than RF. Hydrogen is a prime UV emitter. > > This could be the best way to understand how thermal gain in Ni-H or Co-H > operates - via magnon emission from protons (following reversible proton > fusion). Magnon emission can decay with no heat transfer unless collected > in > an absorber of magnons, preferably one that magnifies the effect in the > same > general way that iron magnifies field reversals in a typical transformer. > > In a normal paramagnetic metal like palladium, dipoles move independently > from each other but they tend to orient in a magnetic field so as to > increase the field strength, to the extent of their magnetic > susceptibility. > Magnetic susceptibility ("magnetizability" is a term that could be used) is > a dimensionless proportionality constant. Hydrogen in pure palladium does > not produce much excess heat, and this means it can be used as a "control" > for proving deuterium gain. The difference in susceptibility between > paramagnets and ferromagnets varies, but as a ratio of the magnification > effect of 40,000:1 would be a fair approximation for why nickel works to > capture magnons effectively, and palladium doesn't. > > Thusly, when hydrogen is loaded into a ferromagnetic material like nickel > or > cobalt, it can produce excess heating in those matrices, under conditions > which in palladium produce nothing. This should tell the keen observer that > there is a fundamental difference between Ni-H and Pd-D systems in the way > gain materializes. The two are almost unrelated in terms of modus operandi, > other than being isotopes of the same element > > In ferromagnetics, dipoles orient so as to increase the field, but those > dipoles are not independent from each other as in paramagnets. They are > self-sensitive. If dipoles are initially oriented at random, all adjacent > dipoles will preferentially orient parallel to any change, with the > slightest inducement. This magnifies the effect by the large factor > mentioned above. > > When a mass of ferromagnetic material is brought near a source of randomly > emitted magnons, almost all the dipoles in the ferromagnet will orient in > the direction of the instant field of every magnon. Hence a ferromagnet, as > a target for a "quantum unit of spin" can enormously increase the effect of > magnon release. Also, as a known upper temperature is reached, the Curie > point, the ferromagnet will become an ordinary paramagnet. That permits > another way to vary the orientation of dipoles. > > The interesting thing for understanding "new hydrogen" thermal gain - is > the > range around the Curie point. It is no coincidence that the trigger > temperature in Ni-H should be related (identical) to the Curie point in the > alloy being employed. > > Jones >
