http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2010/nov/24/bosons-bossed-into-bose-einstein-condensate
*Bosons bossed into Bose–Einstein condensate* This article that described the formation process of a photon condensate can inform us of how the Plasmons Bose-Einstein condensate could form. First, there is a close comparison between a photon condensate and a Plasmons condensate. For one thing, the spin number is the same: both particles have integer spin. Next, the weight of both particles is very light. They are also trap in similar ways, one in a optical trap, the other in a lattice defect. The collision process of photons cool the photon condensate to room temperature, whereas the Plasmons condensate will reach the ambient temperature of the lattice through the coherent nature of the lattice thermal vibrations. Both Rossi and DGT reactors use the UV/ X-ray explosion mechanisms of alkali metal clusters to seed the surface of the lattice with abundant electrons. Both the photon and Plasmon condensate mechanism requires a minimum density of particles before a condensate can be established--- much like a liquid drop condensing in a gas. In both cases, the cavity has a 2 dimensional design, which means that both the photons Plasmon are confined to two dimensions. As a result of the longitudinal confinement, they behave as if they are particles with an "effective mass" corresponding to the cut-off energy. This mass is still extremely small, which is why photons and by analogy Plasmons will form a BEC at room temperature and don't need to be cooled to micro-Kelvin temperatures like atoms. Cheers: Axil On Tue, Feb 12, 2013 at 12:55 PM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaser > > The Spaser > > The negatively charged quasiparticle called a Plasmons is being produced > on the nano-surfaced micro-particles used in both the Rossi and DGT > reactors. First, surface plasmons are bosons: they are vector excitations > and have spin 1, just as photons do. > > These electrons are forming condensates which amplify their wave function > as they become entangled. Their localization at lattice defects defines the > nuclear active areas where LENR occurs. > > A spaser is the nanoplasmonic counterpart of a laser, but it (ideally) > does not emit photons. It is analogous to the conventional laser, but in a > spaser photons are replaced by surface plasmons and the resonant cavity is > replaced by a nanoparticle, which supports the plasmonic modes. Similarly > to a laser, the energy source for the Spasing mechanism is an active (gain) > medium that is excited externally. The LENR reaction provides this > excitation. > > This spacer accomplishes two functions; it’s entangled and amplified wave > function catalyzes fusion by lowering the coulomb barrier of atoms at and > near the lattice defect and then it down converts and transfers this fusion > gamma energy from the nucleus into the lattice of the micro particle as > infrared radiation. > > > > > Cheers: Axil > > On Fri, Feb 8, 2013 at 9:02 PM, Kevin O'Malley <[email protected]>wrote: > >> Hello Vorts: >> See below for confirmation from YE Kim that the formation of a BEC at >> room temperature gives his LENR theory a leg up. >> >> >> >> >> >> >> Kevin O'Malley <[email protected]> >> 1:22 PM (4 hours ago) >> to yekim, ayandas, pkb >> Hello Dr. Kim. I left you a voicemail regarding this. Does the formation >> of a BEC at room temperature make your theory of Deuteron Fusion more >> viable? Wasn't the main criticism of your theory that BECs couldn't form at >> higher temperatures? >> Y. E. Kim, "Bose-Einstein Condensate Theory of Deuteron Fusion in >> Metal", J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. *4*, 188 (2011), >> best regards, >> Kevin O'Malley >> <408%20460%205707> >> >> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >> >> http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/01/29/1210842110 >> >> Polariton Bose–Einstein condensate at room temperature in an Al(Ga)N >> nanowire–dielectric microcavity with a spatial potential trap >> >> Ayan Dasa,1, >> Pallab Bhattacharyaa,1, >> Junseok Heoa, >> Animesh Banerjeea, and >> Wei Guob >> >> Author Affiliations >> >> Edited by Paul L. McEuen, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, and approved >> December 21, 2012 (received for review June 28, 2012) >> >> Abstract >> >> A spatial potential trap is formed in a 6.0-μm Al(Ga)N nanowire by >> varying the Al composition along its length during epitaxial growth. The >> polariton emission characteristics of a dielectric microcavity with the >> single nanowire embedded in-plane have been studied at room temperature. >> Excitation is provided at the Al(Ga)N end of the nanowire, and polariton >> emission is observed from the lowest bandgap GaN region within the >> potential trap. Comparison of the results with those measured in an >> identical microcavity with a uniform GaN nanowire and having an identical >> exciton–photon detuning suggests evaporative cooling of the polaritons as >> they are transported into the trap in the Al(Ga)N nanowire. Measurement of >> the spectral characteristics of the polariton emission, their momentum >> distribution, first-order spatial coherence, and time-resolved measurements >> of polariton cooling provides strong evidence of the formation of a >> near-equilibrium Bose–Einstein condensate in the GaN region of the nanowire >> at room temperature. In contrast, the condensate formed in the uniform GaN >> nanowire–dielectric microcavity without the spatial potential trap is only >> in self-equilibrium. >> >> Bose–Einstein condensation >> exciton–polariton >> Footnotes >> 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. >> E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]. >> >> >> >> Author contributions: A.D. and P.B. designed research; A.D. and J.H. >> performed research; J.H., A.B., and W.G. contributed new reagents/analytic >> tools; A.D. analyzed data; and P.B. wrote the paper. >> >> The authors declare no conflict of interest. >> >> This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. >> >> This article contains supporting information online at >> http://www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1073/pnas. >> 1210842110/-/DCSupplemental. >> >> Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. >> Reply >> Reply to all >> Forward >> Kim, Yeong E >> 5:24 PM (32 minutes ago) >> to me, ayandas, pkb >> >> Hi, Kevin,**** >> >> Yes, the formation of a BEC of deuterons (or other Bose nuclei) makes my >> theory more viable.**** >> >> ** ** >> >> The claim, made by some that BECs could not form at room temperatures, >> was based on an inconclusive conjecture**** >> >> which assumes that the Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB ) velocity distribution >> applies for deuterons in a metal.**** >> >> This conjecture was not based on any theories nor on any experimentally >> observed facts.**** >> >> The MB velocity distribution is for an ideal gas containing >> non-interacting particles.**** >> >> There are no justifications to assume the MB velocity distribution for >> deuterons in a metal.**** >> >> The published paper by Dasa, et al. quoted below indicates that the >> conjecture is not justified.**** >> >> ** ** >> >> I have stated at seminars and conferences (in the proceedings) that**** >> >> **** >> >> “The BEC formation of deuterons in metal at room temperatures depends on >> the velocity distribution**** >> >> of deuterons in metal at room temperatures. The velocity distribution of >> deuterons in metal has not**** >> >> determined by theories nor by experiments and is not expected to be the >> MB distribution”**** >> >> ** ** >> >> The published paper by Dasa, et al. supports the above statement.**** >> >> Yeong**** >> >> ** ** >> >> *keSent:* Friday, February 08, 2013 4:22 PM >> *To:* Kim, Yeong E >> *Cc:* [email protected]; [email protected] >> *Subject:* Bose Einstein Condensate formed at Room Temperature**** >> > >
