Also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughlin_wavefunction
the *Laughlin wavefunction*<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughlin_wavefunction#cite_note-1> On Mon, Sep 16, 2013 at 11:51 PM, Axil Axil <[email protected]> wrote: > Fractional charge carriers discovered > > Oct 24, 1997 > > Last month, two groups of physicists revealed the first direct evidence > that an electric current can be carried by quasiparticles with fractional > charge. > > Electric charge normally comes in an indivisible unit: the charge of an > electron. Indeed, quarks were thought to be the only particles with > fractional charge - and today they only exist in particles that have a > integer charge. But last month, two groups of physicists revealed the first > direct evidence that an electric current can be carried by quasiparticles > with fractional charge."All the interacting electrons are there but they > behave as if they are non-interacting quasiparticles with charges of > one-third, " says Moty Heiblum of the Weizmann Institute of > Science<http://www.weizmann.ac.il/~physics/cndnsd.html>in Rehovot, Israel, > who heads one of the groups. > > The Israeli group, published its results in Nature<http://www.nature.com/>, > while a French group based at the > CEA<http://paprika.saclay.cea.fr/uk/index.html>laboratory near Paris, > published its results in Physical > Review Letters <http://ojps.aip.org/journals/doc/PRLTAO-home/index.html>. > > Both groups measured a small electrical current in a two-dimensional > electron gas sandwiched between two semiconductor layers. Fluctuations in > the current - shot noise - were used to measure the electrical charge of > the carrier particles. The sample was chilled to less than 1 K and a strong > magnetic field applied at right angles to the layers. By analysing the shot > noise in this regime, both groups reported evidence that the electric > current is carried by quanta with charge one-third that of the electron. > "Up until now, there was no evidence that current could be carried by a > fractionally charged quasiparticle, " says Christian Glattli, who heads the > French group. > > The results agree with a theory which was formulated by Robert Laughlin in > 1982 to explain the fractional quantum Hall effect. According to Laughlin, > electrons in strong magnetic fields form an exotic new collective state, > similar to the way in which collective states form in superfluid helium. A > quantum of magnetic flux and an electron exist as a quasiparticle that > carries the electric current. > > So why did the researchers observe quasiparticles with charges of a third, > rather than any other fraction? In Laughlin's theory, the denominator is > always odd, so *quasiparticles can carry one-third, one-fifth, > one-seventh - or indeed, two-thirds, two-fifths or three-fifths - of the > charge on an electron. *"It is very difficult to explain intuitively - it > is just how nature works, " says Heiblum. > > "It is a beautiful result, " says Mark Fromhold of Nottingham University. > "It is remarkable that electrical signals from individual quasi-particles > can be detected and used directly to measure their fractional charge." > > > > > > As has been produced in the DGT reactor, intense anapole magnetic fields > produced by nanoplasmonic solitons can effect electron charge in the > vicinity of the soliton as these electrons follow a spiral orbit away > from the soliton constrained on the surface of a Poincaré cone whose origin > is the soliton. > > > > > > > > see > > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_quantum_Hall_effect > > The *fractional quantum Hall effect* (FQHE) > > The* *fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is a physical phenomenon in > which the Hall conductance of 2D electrons shows precisely quantized > plateaus at fractional values of [image: e^2/h]. It is a property of a > collective state in which electrons bind magnetic flux lines to make new > quasiparticles, and excitations have a > fractional<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionalization> elementary > charge <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_charge> and possibly also > fractional statistics > > Note that a strong magnetic field must be present to form the * > quasiparticles.* > > ** > > > On Mon, Sep 16, 2013 at 11:02 PM, <[email protected]> wrote: > >> In reply to Axil Axil's message of Mon, 16 Sep 2013 18:47:22 -0400: >> Hi Axil, >> >*Hydrinos result from an experimental misinterpretation of the >> >Nanoplasmonic conversion of infrared radiation converted into the blue >> >light frequency range released to the far field by the whispering gallery >> >wave effect ater that infrared EMF is transformed by Fano resonance.* >> > >> >* * >> > >> >*If you think this is “word salid” I will be happy to explain the concept >> >in simple details at your convenience.* >> [snip] >> I don't think it's word salad, but I am also not convinced that it >> explains away >> Hydrinos. >> The evidence for Hydrinos is much stronger than just the result of a >> single >> experiment, and takes multiple forms, i.e. is not susceptible to being >> explained >> by a single misinterpretation. >> (See Mills' web site for the many different experiments performed.) >> >> Besides, I only mentioned Hydrinos, because they were the obvious >> exception to >> your statement. However Horace's theory is also an exception, as in fact >> is also >> the explanation involving Rydberg Hydrogen preferred by Defkalion. >> (Although in the latter case one may argue that some energy is required >> to boost >> the Hydrogen atom into the Rydberg state, this is trivial in comparison >> to the >> amount of energy normally required to initiate fusion reactions - of the >> hot >> variety). >> >> Regards, >> >> Robin van Spaandonk >> >> http://rvanspaa.freehostia.com/project.html >> >> >
