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Saya kebetulan dapat copy laporan Tony Blair ke Parlement Inggeris =
tanggal 4
Oktober 2001 tentang peristiwa "WTC 11 September 2001". Copy ini saya
forwardkan ke rekan-rekan (Yonsatu) sekalian sebagai masukan. Moga2 hal =
ini
bisa menambah wawasan kita semua.
Salam
Indradjaja Dalel
=20
=20
_____ =20
This document does not purport to provide a prosecutable case against =
Usama
Bin Laden in a court of law. Intelligence often cannot be used =
evidentially,
due both to the strict rules of admissibility and to the need to =
protect the
safety of sources. But on the basis of all the information available =
HMG is
confident of its conclusions as expressed in this document.=20
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE TERRORIST ATROCITIES IN=20
THE UNITED STATES, 11 SEPTEMBER 2001
INTRODUCTION
1. The clear conclusions reached by the government are:
* Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida, the terrorist network which he heads,
planned and carried out the atrocities on 11 September 2001;=20
* Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida retain the will and resources to carry
out further atrocities;=20
* the United Kingdom, and United Kingdom nationals are potential
targets; and=20
* Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida were able to commit these atrocities
because of their close alliance with the Taleban r=E9gime, which =
allowed them
to operate with impunity in pursuing their terrorist activity.=20
2. The material in respect of 1998 and the USS Cole comes from =
indictments
and intelligence sources. The material in respect of 11 September comes =
from
intelligence and the criminal investigation to date. The details of =
some
aspects cannot be given, but the facts are clear from the intelligence.
3. The document does not contain the totality of the material known to =
HMG,
given the continuing and absolute need to protect intelligence sources.
SUMMARY
4. The relevant facts show:
Background
* Al Qaida is a terrorist organisation with ties to a global network,
which has been in existence for over 10 years. It was founded, and has =
been
led at all times, by Usama Bin Laden.=20
* Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida have been engaged in a jihad against
the United States, and its allies. One of their stated aims is the =
murder of
US citizens, and attacks on America's allies.=20
* Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida have been based in Afghanistan since
1996, but have a network of operations throughout the world. The =
network
includes training camps, warehouses, communication facilities and =
commercial
operations able to raise significant sums of money to support its =
activity.
That activity includes substantial exploitation of the illegal drugs =
trade
from Afghanistan.=20
* Usama Bin Laden's Al Qaida and the Taleban r=E9gime have a close and
mutually dependent alliance. Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida provide the
Taleban r=E9gime with material, financial and military support. They =
jointly
exploit the drugs trade. The Taleban r=E9gime allows Bin Laden to =
operate his
terrorist training camps and activities from Afghanistan, protects him =
from
attacks from outside, and protects the drugs stockpiles. Usama Bin =
Laden
could not operate his terrorist activities without the alliance and =
support
of the Taleban r=E9gime. The Taleban's strength would be seriously =
weakened
without Usama Bin Laden's military and financial support.=20
* Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida have the capability to execute major
terrorist attacks.=20
* Usama Bin Laden has claimed credit for the attack on US soldiers in
Somalia in October 1993, which killed 18; for the attack on the US =
Embassies
in Kenya and Tanzania in August 1998 which killed 224 and injured =
nearly
5000; and were linked to the attack on the USS Cole on 12 October 2000, =
in
which 17 crew members were killed and 40 others injured.=20
* They have sought to acquire nuclear and chemical materials for use
as terrorist weapons.=20
In relation to the terrorist attacks on 11 September
5. After 11 September we learned that, not long before, Bin Laden had
indicated he was about to launch a major attack on America. The =
detailed
planning for the terrorist attacks of 11 September was carried out by =
one of
UBL's close associates. Of the 19 hijackers involved in 11 September =
2001,
it has already been established that at least three had links with Al =
Qaida.
The attacks on 11 September 2001 were similar in both their ambition =
and
intended impact to previous attacks undertaken by Usama Bin laden and =
Al
Qaida, and also had features in common. In particular:
* Suicide attackers=20
1. Co-ordinated attacks on the same day=20
2. The aim to cause maximum American casualties=20
3. Total disregard for other casualties, including Muslim=20
* Meticulous long-term planning=20
1. Absence of warning.=20
6. Al Qaida retains the capability and the will to make further attacks =
on
the US and its allies, including the United Kingdom.
7. Al Qaida gives no warning of terrorist attack.
THE FACTS
Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida
8. In 1989 Usama Bin Laden, and others, founded an international =
terrorist
group known as "Al Qaida" (the Base). At all times he has been the =
leader of
Al Qaida.
9. From 1989 until 1991 Usama Bin Laden was based in Afghanistan and
Peshawar, Pakistan. In 1991 he moved to Sudan, where he stayed until =
1996.
In that year he returned to Afghanistan, where he remains.
The Taleban Regime
10. The Taleban emerged from the Afghan refugee camps in Pakistan in =
the
early 1990s. By 1996 they had captured Kabul. They are still engaged in =
a
bloody civil war to control the whole of Afghanistan. They are led by =
Mullah
Omar.
11. In 1996 Usama Bin Laden moved back to Afghanistan. He established a
close relationship with Mullah Omar, and threw his support behind the
Taleban. Usama Bin Laden and the Taleban r=E9gime have a close alliance =
on
which both depend for their continued existence. They also share the =
same
religious values and vision.
12. Usama Bin Laden has provided the Taleban r=E9gime with troops, =
arms, and
money to fight the Northern Alliance. He is closely involved with =
Taleban
military training, planning and operations. He has representatives in =
the
Taleban military command structure. He has also given infrastruture
assistance and humanitarian aid. Forces under the control of Usama Bin =
Laden
have fought alongside the Taleban in the civil war in Afghanistan.
13. Omar has provided Bin Laden with a safe haven in which to operate, =
and
has allowed him to establish terrorist training camps in Afghanistan. =
They
jointly exploit the Afghan drugs trade. In return for active Al Qaida
support, the Taleban allow Al Qaida to operate freely, including =
planning,
training and preparing for terrorist activity. In addition the Taleban
provide security for the stockpiles of drugs.
14. Since 1996, when the Taleban captured Kabul, the United States
government has consistently raised with them a whole range of issues,
including humanitarian aid and terrorism. Well before 11 September 2001 =
they
had provided evidence to the Taleban of the responsibility of Al Qaida =
for
the terrorist attacks in East Africa. This evidence had been provided =
to
senior leaders of the Taleban at their request.
15. The United States government had made it clear to the Taleban =
regime
that Al Qaida had murdered US citizens, and planned to murder more. The =
US
offered to work with the Taleban to expel the terrorists from =
Afghanistan.
These talks, which have been continuing since 1996, have failed to =
produce
any results.
16. In June 2001, in the face of mounting evidence of the Al Qaida =
threat,
the United States warned the Taleban that it had the right to defend =
itself
and that it would hold the r=E9gime responsible for attacks against US
citizens by terrorists sheltered in Afghanistan.
17. In this, the United States had the support of the United Nations. =
The
Security Council, in Resolution 1267, condemned Usama Bin Laden for
sponsoring international terrorism and operating a network of terrorist
camps, and demanded that the Taleban surrender Usama Bin Laden without
further delay so that he could be brought to justice.
18. Despite the evidence provided by the US of the responsibility of =
Usama
Bin Laden and Al Qaida for the 1998 East Africa bombings, despite the
accurately perceived threats of further atrocities, and despite the =
demands
of the United Nations, the Taleban r=E9gime responded by saying no =
evidence
existed against Usama Bin Laden, and that neither he nor his network =
would
be expelled.
19. A former Government official in Afghanistan has described the =
Taleban
and Usama Bin Laden as "two sides of the same coin: Usama cannot exist =
in
Afghanistan without the Taleban and the Taleban cannot exist without =
Usama."
Al Qaida
20. Al Qaida is dedicated to opposing 'un-Islamic' governments in =
Muslim
countries with force and violence.
21. Al Qaida virulently opposes the United States. Usama Bin Laden has =
urged
and incited his followers to kill American citizens, in the most =
unequivocal
terms.
22. On 12 October 1996 he issued a declaration of jihad as follows:
"The people of Islam have suffered from aggression, iniquity and =
injustice
imposed by the Zionist-Crusader alliance and their collaborators . . .
It is the duty now on every tribe in the Arabian peninsula to fight =
jihad
and cleanse the land from these Crusader occupiers. Their wealth is =
booty to
those who kill them.
My Muslim brothers: your brothers in Palestine and in the land of the =
two
Holy Places [i.e. Saudi Arabia] are calling upon your help and asking =
you to
take part in fighting against the enemy - the Americans and the =
Israelis.
They are asking you to do whatever you can to expel the enemies out of =
the
sanctities of Islam."
Later in the same year he said that
"terrorising the American occupiers [of Islamic Holy Places] is a =
religious
and logical obligation."
In February 1998 he issued and signed a 'fatwa' which included a decree =
to
all Muslims:
". . . the killing of Americans and their civilian and military allies =
is a
religious duty for each and every Muslim to be carried out in whichever
country they are until Al Aqsa mosque has been liberated from their =
grasp
and until their armies have left Muslim lands."
In the same 'fatwa' he called on Muslim scholars and their leaders and =
their
youths to
"launch an attack on the American soldiers of Satan."
and concluded:
"We - with God's help - call on every Muslim who believes in God and =
wishes
to be rewarded to comply with God's order to kill Americans and plunder
their money whenever and wherever they find it. We also call on Muslims =
. .
. to launch the raid on Satan's US troops and the devil's supporters =
allying
with them, and to displace those who are behind them."
When asked, in 1998, about obtaining chemical or nuclear weapons he =
said
"acquiring such weapons for the defence of Muslims [was] a religious =
duty."
In an interview aired on Al Jazira (Doha, Qatar) television he stated:
"Our enemy is every American male, whether he is directly fighting us =
or
paying taxes."
In two interviews broadcast on US television in 1997 and 1998 he =
referred to
the terrorists who carried out the earlier attack on the World Trade =
Center
in 1993 as "role models". He went on to exhort his followers "to take =
the
fighting to America."
23. From the early 1990s Usama Bin Laden has sought to obtain nuclear =
and
chemical materials for use as weapons of terror.
24. Although US targets are Al Qaida's priority, it also explicitly
threatens the United States' allies. References to "Zionist-Crusader
alliance and their collaborators," and to "Satan's US troops and the =
devil's
supporters allying with them" are references which unquestionably =
include
the United Kingdom.
25. There is a continuing threat. Based on our experience of the way =
the
network has operated in the past, other cells, like those that carried =
out
the terrorist attacks on 11 September, must be assumed to exist.
26. Al Qaida functions both on its own and through a network of other
terrorist organisations. These include Egyptian Islamic Jihad and other
north African Islamic extremist terrorist groups, and a number of other
jihadi groups in other countries including the Sudan, Yemen, Somalia,
Pakistan and India. Al Qaida also maintains cells and personnel in a =
number
of other countries to facilitate its activities.
27. Usama Bin Laden heads the Al Qaida network. Below him is a body =
known as
the Shura, which includes representatives of other terrorist groups, =
such as
Egyptian Islamic Jihad leader Ayman Zawahiri and prominent lieutenants =
of
Bin Laden such as Abu Hafs Al-Masri. Egyptian Islamic Jihad has, in =
effect,
merged with Al Qaida.
28. In addition to the Shura, Al Qaida has several groups dealing with
military, media, financial and Islamic issues.
29. Mohamed Atef is a member of the group that deals with military and
terrorist operations. His duties include principal responsibility for
training Al Qaida members.
30. Members of Al Qaida must make a pledge of allegiance to follow the
orders of Usama Bin Laden.=20
31. A great deal of evidence about Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida has =
been
made available in the US indictment for earlier crimes.
32. Since 1989, Usama Bin Laden has conducted substantial financial and
business transactions on behalf of Al Qaida and in pursuit of its =
goals.
These include purchasing land for training camps, purchasing warehouses =
for
the storage of items, including explosives, purchasing communications =
and
electronics equipment, and transporting currency and weapons to members =
of
Al Qaida and associated terrorist groups in countries throughout the =
world.
33. Since 1989 Usama Bin Laden has provided training camps and guest =
houses
in Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Sudan, Somalia and Kenya for the use of =
Al
Qaida and associated terrorist groups. We know from intelligence that =
there
are currently at least a dozen camps across Afghanistan, of which at =
least
four are used for training terrorists.
34. Since 1989, Usama Bin Laden has established a series of businesses =
to
provide income for Al Qaida, and to provide cover for the procurement =
of
explosives, weapons and chemicals, and for the travel of Al Qaida
operatives. The businesses have included a holding company known as =
'Wadi Al
Aqiq', a construction business known as 'Al Hijra', an agricultural =
business
known as 'Al Themar Al Mubaraka', and investment companies known as =
'Ladin
International' and 'Taba Investments'.
Usama Bin Laden and previous attacks
35. In 1992 and 1993 Mohamed Atef travelled to Somalia on several =
occasions
for the purpose of organising violence against United States and United
Nations troops then stationed in Somalia. On each occasion he reported =
back
to Usama Bin Laden, at his base in the Riyadh district of Khartoum.
36. In the spring of 1993 Atef, Saif al Adel, another senior member of =
Al
Qaida, and other members began to provide military training to Somali =
tribes
for the purpose of fighting the United Nations forces.
37. On 3 and 4 October 1993 operatives of Al Qaida participated in the
attack on US military personnel serving in Somalia as part of the =
operation
'Restore Hope.' Eighteen US military personnel were killed in the =
attack.
38. From 1993 members of Al Qaida began to live in Nairobi and set up
businesses there, including Asma Ltd, and Tanzanite King. They were
regularly visited there by senior members of Al Qaida, in particular by =
Atef
and Abu Ubadiah al Banshiri.
39. Beginning in the latter part of 1993, members of Al Qaida in Kenya =
began
to discuss the possibility of attacking the US Embassy in Nairobi in
retaliation for US participation in Operation Restore Hope in Somalia. =
Ali
Mohamed, a US citizen and admitted member of Al Qaida, surveyed the US
Embassy as a possible target for a terrorist attack. He took =
photographs and
made sketches, which he presented to Usama Bin Laden while Bin Laden =
was in
Sudan. He also admitted that he had trained terrorists for Al Qaida in
Afghanistan in the early 1990s, and that those whom he trained included =
many
involved in the East African bombings in August 1998.
40. In June or July 1998, two Al Qaida operatives, Fahid Mohammed Ali =
Msalam
and Sheik Ahmed Salim Swedan, purchased a Toyota truck and made various
alterations to the back of the truck.
41. In early August 1998, operatives of Al Qaida gathered in 43, New =
Runda
Estates, Nairobi to execute the bombing of the US Embassy in Nairobi.
42. On 7 August 1998, Assam, a Saudi national and Al Qaida operative, =
drove
the Toyota truck to the US embassy. There was a large bomb in the back =
of
the truck.
43. Also in the truck was Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al 'Owali, another =
Saudi. He,
by his own confession, was an Al Qaida operative, who from about 1996 =
had
been trained in Al Qaida camps in Afghanistan in explosives, hijacking,
kidnapping, assassination and intelligence techniques. With Usama Bin
Laden's express permission, he fought alongside the Taleban in =
Afghanistan.
He had met Usama Bin Laden personally in 1996 and asked for another
'mission.' Usama Bin Laden sent him to East Africa after extensive
specialised training at camps in Afghanistan.
44. As the truck approached the Embassy, Al 'Owali got out and threw a =
stun
grenade at a security guard. Assam drove the truck up to the rear of =
the
embassy. He got out and then detonated the bomb, which demolished a
multi-storey secretarial college and severely damaged the US embassy, =
and
the Co-operative bank building. The bomb killed 213 people and injured =
4500.
Assam was killed in the explosion.
45. Al 'Owali expected the mission to end in his death. He had been =
willing
to die for Al Qaida. But at the last minute he ran away from the bomb =
truck
and survived. He had no money, passport or plan to escape after the =
mission,
because he had expected to die.
46. After a few days, he called a telephone number in Yemen to have =
money
transferred to him in Kenya. The number he rang in Yemen was contacted =
by
Usama Bin Laden's phone on the same day as Al 'Owali was arranging to =
get
the money.
47. Another person arrested in connection with the Nairobi bombing was
Mohamed Sadeek Odeh. He admitted to his involvement. He identified the
principal participants in the bombing. He named three other persons, =
all of
whom were Al Qaida or Egyptian Islamic Jihad members.
48. In Dar es Salaam the same day, at about the same time, operatives =
of Al
Qaida detonated a bomb at the US embassy, killing 11 people. The Al =
Qaida
operatives involved included Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil and Khaflan Khamis
Mohamed. The bomb was carried in a Nissan Atlas truck, which Ahmed =
Khfaklan
Ghailani and Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan, two Al Qaida operatives, had
purchased in July 1998, in Dar es Salaam.
49. Khaflan Khamis Mohamed was arrested for the bombing. He admitted
membership of Al Qaida, and implicated other members of Al Qaida in the
bombing.
50. On 7 and 8 August 1998, two other members of Al Qaida disseminated
claims of responsibility for the two bombings by sending faxes to media
organisations in Paris, Doha in Qatar, and Dubai in the United Arab
Emirates.
51. Additional evidence of the involvement of Al Qaida in the East =
African
bombings came from a search conducted in London of several residences =
and
businesses belonging to Al Qaida and Egyptian Islamic Jihad members. In
those searches a number of documents were found including claims of
responsibility for the East African bombings in the name of a =
fictitious
group, 'the Islamic Army for the liberation of the Holy Places.'
52. Al 'Owali, the would-be suicide bomber, admitted he was told to =
make a
videotape of himself using the name of the same fictitious group.
53. The faxed claims of responsibility were traced to a telephone =
number,
which had been in contact with Usama Bin Laden's cell phone. The claims
disseminated to the press were clearly written by someone familiar with =
the
conspiracy. They stated that the bombings had been carried out by two =
Saudis
in Kenya, and one Egyptian in Dar es Salaam. They were probably sent =
before
the bombings had even taken place. They referred to two Saudis dying in =
the
Nairobi attack. In fact, because Al 'Owali fled at the last minute, =
only one
Saudi died.
54. On 22 December 1998 Usama Bin Laden was asked by Time magazine =
whether
he was responsible for the August 1998 attacks. He replied:
"The International Islamic Jihad Front for the jihad against the US and
Israel has, by the grace of God, issued a crystal clear fatwa calling =
on the
Islamic nation to carry on Jihad aimed at liberating the holy sites. =
The
nation of Mohammed has responded to this appeal. If instigation for =
jihad
against the Jews and the Americans . . . is considered to be a crime, =
then
let history be a witness that I am a criminal. Our job is to instigate =
and,
by the grace of God, we did that, and certain people responded to this
instigation."
He was asked if he knew the attackers:
". . . those who risked their lives to earn the pleasure of God are =
real
men. They managed to rid the Islamic nation of disgrace. We hold them =
in the
highest esteem."
And what the US could expect of him:
". . . any thief or criminal who enters another country to steal should
expect to be exposed to murder at any time . . . The US knows that I =
have
attacked it, by the grace of God, for more than ten years now . . . God
knows that we have been pleased by the killing of American soldiers [in
Somalia in 1993]. This was achieved by the grace of God and the efforts =
of
the mujahideen . . . Hostility towards America is a religious duty and =
we
hope to be rewarded for it by God. I am confident that Muslims will be =
able
to end the legend of the so-called superpower that is America."
55. In December 1999 a terrorist cell linked to Al Qaida was discovered
trying to carry out attacks inside the United States. An Algerian, =
Ahmed
Ressam, was stopped at the US-Canadian border and over 100 lbs of bomb
making material was found in his car. Ressam admitted he was planning =
to set
off a large bomb at Los Angeles International airport on New Year's =
Day. He
said that he had received terrorist training at Al Qaida camps in
Afghanistan and then been instructed to go abroad and kill US civilians =
and
military personnel.
56. On 3 January 2000, a group of Al Qaida members, and other =
terrorists who
had trained in Al Qaida camps in Afghanistan, attempted to attack a US
destroyer with a small boat loaded with explosives. Their boat sank,
aborting the attack.
57. On 12 October 2000, however, the USS Cole was struck by an
explosive-laden boat while refuelling in Aden harbour. Seventeen crew =
were
killed, and 40 injured.
58. Several of the perpetrators of the Cole attack (mostly Yemenis and
Saudis) were trained at Usama Bin Laden's camps in Afghanistan. Al =
'Owali
has identified the two commanders of the attack on the USS Cole as =
having
participated in the planning and preparation for the East African =
embassy
bombings.
59. In the months before the September 11 attacks, propaganda videos =
were
distributed throughout the Middle East and Muslim world by Al Qaida, in
which Usama Bin Laden and others were shown encouraging Muslims to =
attack
American and Jewish targets.
60. Similar videos, extolling violence against the United States and =
other
targets, were distributed before the East African embassy attacks in =
August
1998.
Usama Bin Laden and the 11 September attacks
61. Nineteen men have been identified as the hijackers from the =
passenger
lists of the four planes hijacked on 11 September 2001. At least three =
of
them have already been positively identified as associates of Al Qaida. =
One
has been identified as playing key roles in both the East African =
embassy
attacks and the USS Cole attack. Investigations continue into the
backgrounds of all the hijackers.
62. From intelligence sources, the following facts have been =
established
subsequent to 11 September; for intelligence reasons, the names of
associates, though known, are not given.
* In the run-up to 11 September, bin Laden was mounting a concerted
propaganda campaign amongst like-minded groups of people - including =
videos
and documentation - justifying attacks on Jewish and American targets; =
and
claiming that those who died in the course of them were carrying out =
God's
work.=20
* We have learned, subsequent to 11 September, that Bin Laden himself
asserted shortly before 11 September that he was preparing a major =
attack on
America.=20
* In August and early September close associates of Bin Laden were
warned to return to Afghanistan from other parts of the world by 10
September.=20
* Immediately prior to 11 September some known associates of Bin Laden
were naming the date for action as on or around 11 September.=20
* Since 11 September we have learned that one of Bin Laden's closest
and most senior associates was responsible for the detailed planning of =
the
attacks.=20
* There is evidence of a very specific nature relating to the guilt of
Bin Laden and his associates that is too sensitive to release.=20
63. Usama Bin Laden remains in charge, and the mastermind, of Al Qaida. =
In
Al Qaida, an operation on the scale of the 11 September attacks would =
have
been approved by Usama Bin Laden himself.
64. The modus operandi of 11 September was entirely consistent with =
previous
attacks. Al Qaida's record of atrocities is characterised by meticulous =
long
term planning, a desire to inflict mass casualties, suicide bombers, =
and
multiple simultaneous attacks.
65. The attacks of 11 September 2001 are entirely consistent with the =
scale
and sophistication of the planning which went into the attacks on the =
East
African Embassies and the USS Cole. No warnings were given for these =
three
attacks, just as there was none on 11 September.
66. Al Qaida operatives, in evidence given in the East African Embassy =
bomb
trials, have described how the group spends years preparing for an =
attack.
They conduct repeated surveillance, patiently gather materials, and =
identify
and vet operatives, who have the skills to participate in the attack =
and the
willingness to die for their cause.
67. The operatives involved in the 11 September atrocities attended =
flight
schools, used flight simulators to study the controls of larger =
aircraft and
placed potential airports and routes under surveillance.
68. Al Qaida's attacks are characterised by total disregard for =
innocent
lives, including Muslims. In an interview after the East African =
bombings,
Usama Bin Laden insisted that the need to attack the United States =
excused
the killing of other innocent civilians, Muslim and non-Muslim alike.
69. No other organisation has both the motivation and the capability to
carry out attacks like those of the 11 September - only the Al Qaida =
network
under Usama Bin Laden.
Conclusion
70. The attacks of the 11 September 2001 were planned and carried out =
by Al
Qaida, an organisation whose head is Usama Bin Laden. That organisation =
has
the will, and the resources, to execute further attacks of similar =
scale.
Both the United States and its close allies are targets for such =
attacks.
The attack could not have occurred without the alliance between the =
Taleban
and Usama Bin Laden, which allowed Bin Laden to operate freely in
Afghanistan, promoting, planning and executing terrorist activity.
LINKS AND FURTHER INFORMATION:
Click <http://www.number10.gov.uk/text/PMspeech.htm> here to view the =
Prime
Minister's speech to Parliament, 4th October 2001.
Click here <http://www.number10.gov.uk/text/Pressconference.htm> to =
read
the transcript of the Prime Minister's press conference with President =
Putin
in Moscow.
=20
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