[ dirapihkan o/ List Owner ]
Saya kebetulan dapat copy laporan Tony Blair ke Parlement Inggeris
tanggal 4 Oktober 2001 tentang peristiwa "WTC 11 September 2001". Copy
ini saya forwardkan ke rekan-rekan (Yonsatu) sekalian sebagai masukan.
Moga2 hal ini bisa menambah wawasan kita semua.
Salam
Indradjaja Dalel
This document does not purport to provide a prosecutable case against
Usama Bin Laden in a court of law. Intelligence often cannot be used
evidentially, due both to the strict rules of admissibility and to the
need to protect the safety of sources. But on the basis of all the
information available HMG is confident of its conclusions as expressed
in this document.
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE TERRORIST ATROCITIES IN
THE UNITED STATES, 11 SEPTEMBER 2001
INTRODUCTION
1. The clear conclusions reached by the government are:
* Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida, the terrorist network which he heads,
planned and carried out the atrocities on 11 September 2001;
* Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida retain the will and resources to carry
out further atrocities;=20
* the United Kingdom, and United Kingdom nationals are potential
targets; and
* Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida were able to commit these
atrocities because of their close alliance with the Taleban
regime, which allowed them to operate with impunity in pursuing
their terrorist activity.
2. The material in respect of 1998 and the USS Cole comes from
indictments and intelligence sources. The material in respect of 11
September comes from intelligence and the criminal investigation to
date. The details of some aspects cannot be given, but the facts
are clear from the intelligence.
3. The document does not contain the totality of the material known to
HMG, given the continuing and absolute need to protect intelligence
sources.
SUMMARY
4. The relevant facts show:
Background
* Al Qaida is a terrorist organisation with ties to a global
network, which has been in existence for over 10 years. It was
founded, and has been led at all times, by Usama Bin Laden.
* Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida have been engaged in a jihad
against the United States, and its allies. One of their
stated aims is the murder of US citizens, and attacks on
America's allies.
* Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida have been based in Afghanistan since
1996, but have a network of operations throughout the
world. The network includes training camps, warehouses,
communication facilities and commercial operations able to raise
significant sums of money to support its activity.
That activity includes substantial exploitation of the
illegal drugs trade from Afghanistan.
* Usama Bin Laden's Al Qaida and the Taleban regime have a close
and mutually dependent alliance. Usama Bin Laden and Al
Qaida provide the Taleban regime with material, financial and
military support. They jointly exploit the drugs trade. The
Taleban regime allows Bin Laden to operate his terrorist
training camps and activities from Afghanistan, protects him
from attacks from outside, and protects the drugs stockpiles.
Usama Bin Laden could not operate his terrorist activities
without the alliance and support of the Taleban regime. The
Taleban's strength would be seriously weakened without Usama Bin
Laden's military and financial support.
* Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida have the capability to execute
major terrorist attacks.
* Usama Bin Laden has claimed credit for the attack on US soldiers
in Somalia in October 1993, which killed 18; for the attack on
the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in August 1998 which
killed 224 and injured nearly 5000; and were linked to the
attack on the USS Cole on 12 October 2000, in which 17 crew
members were killed and 40 others injured.
* They have sought to acquire nuclear and chemical materials for
use as terrorist weapons.
In relation to the terrorist attacks on 11 September
5. After 11 September we learned that, not long before, Bin Laden had
indicated he was about to launch a major attack on America. The
detailed planning for the terrorist attacks of 11 September was
carried out by one of UBL's close associates. Of the 19 hijackers
involved in 11 September 2001, it has already been established that
at least three had links with Al Qaida.
The attacks on 11 September 2001 were similar in both their
ambition and intended impact to previous attacks undertaken by
Usama Bin laden and Al Qaida, and also had features in common. In
particular:
* Suicide attackers
1. Co-ordinated attacks on the same day
2. The aim to cause maximum American casualties
3. Total disregard for other casualties, including Muslim
* Meticulous long-term planning=20
1.Absence of warning.
6. Al Qaida retains the capability and the will to make further
attacks on the US and its allies, including the United Kingdom.
7. Al Qaida gives no warning of terrorist attack.
THE FACTS
Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida
8. In 1989 Usama Bin Laden, and others, founded an international
terrorist group known as "Al Qaida" (the Base). At all times he has
been the leader of Al Qaida.
9. From 1989 until 1991 Usama Bin Laden was based in Afghanistan and
Peshawar, Pakistan. In 1991 he moved to Sudan, where he stayed
until 1996.
In that year he returned to Afghanistan, where he remains. The
Taleban Regime
10.The Taleban emerged from the Afghan refugee camps in Pakistan in
the early 1990s. By 1996 they had captured Kabul. They are still
engaged in a bloody civil war to control the whole of Afghanistan.
They are led by Mullah Omar.
11.In 1996 Usama Bin Laden moved back to Afghanistan. He established
a close relationship with Mullah Omar, and threw his support behind
the Taleban. Usama Bin Laden and the Taleban r=E9gime have a close
alliance on which both depend for their continued existence. They
also share the same religious values and vision.
12.Usama Bin Laden has provided the Taleban regime with troops, arms,
and money to fight the Northern Alliance. He is closely involved
with Taleban military training, planning and operations. He has
representatives in the Taleban military command structure. He has
also given infrastruture assistance and humanitarian aid. Forces
under the control of Usama Bin Laden have fought alongside the
Taleban in the civil war in Afghanistan.
13.Omar has provided Bin Laden with a safe haven in which to operate,
and has allowed him to establish terrorist training camps in
Afghanistan.
They jointly exploit the Afghan drugs trade. In return for active
Al Qaida support, the Taleban allow Al Qaida to operate freely,
including planning, training and preparing for terrorist activity.
In addition the Taleban provide security for the stockpiles of drugs.
14.Since 1996, when the Taleban captured Kabul, the United States
government has consistently raised with them a whole range of
issues, including humanitarian aid and terrorism. Well before 11
September 2001 they had provided evidence to the Taleban of the
responsibility of Al Qaida for the terrorist attacks in East
Africa. This evidence had been provided to senior leaders of the
Taleban at their request.
15.The United States government had made it clear to the Taleban
regime that Al Qaida had murdered US citizens, and planned to
murder more. The US offered to work with the Taleban to expel the
terrorists from Afghanistan.
These talks, which have been continuing since 1996, have failed to
produce any results.
16.In June 2001, in the face of mounting evidence of the Al Qaida
threat, the United States warned the Taleban that it had the right
to defend itself and that it would hold the r=E9gime responsible
for attacks against US citizens by terrorists sheltered in
Afghanistan.
17.In this, the United States had the support of the United Nations.
The Security Council, in Resolution 1267, condemned Usama Bin Laden
for sponsoring international terrorism and operating a network of
terrorist camps, and demanded that the Taleban surrender Usama Bin
Laden without further delay so that he could be brought to justice.
18.Despite the evidence provided by the US of the responsibility of
Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida for the 1998 East Africa bombings,
despite the accurately perceived threats of further atrocities, and
despite the demands of the United Nations, the Taleban r=E9gime
responded by saying no evidence existed against Usama Bin Laden,
and that neither he nor his network would be expelled.
19.A former Government official in Afghanistan has described the
Taleban and Usama Bin Laden as "two sides of the same coin: Usama
cannot exist in Afghanistan without the Taleban and the Taleban
cannot exist without Usama.
Al Qaida
20.Al Qaida is dedicated to opposing 'un-Islamic' governments in
Muslim countries with force and violence.
21.Al Qaida virulently opposes the United States. Usama Bin Laden has
urged and incited his followers to kill American citizens, in the
most unequivocal terms.
22.On 12 October 1996 he issued a declaration of jihad as follows:
"The people of Islam have suffered from aggression, iniquity and
injustice imposed by the Zionist-Crusader alliance and their
collaborators . . .
It is the duty now on every tribe in the Arabian peninsula to fight
jihad and cleanse the land from these Crusader occupiers. Their
wealth is booty to those who kill them.
My Muslim brothers: your brothers in Palestine and in the land of
the two Holy Places [i.e. Saudi Arabia] are calling upon your help
and asking you to take part in fighting against the enemy - the
Americans and the Israelis.
They are asking you to do whatever you can to expel the enemies out
of the sanctities of Islam."Later in the same year he said
that "terrorising the American occupiers [of Islamic Holy
Places] is a religious and logical obligation."
In February 1998 he issued and signed a 'fatwa' which included a
decree to all Muslims:
". . . the killing of Americans and their civilian and military
allies is a religious duty for each and every Muslim to be carried
out in whichever country they are until Al Aqsa mosque has been
liberated from their grasp and until their armies have left Muslim
lands."
In the same 'fatwa' he called on Muslim scholars and their leaders
and their youths to "launch an attack on the American soldiers of
Satan." and concluded:
"We - with God's help - call on every Muslim who believes in God
and wishes to be rewarded to comply with God's order to kill
Americans and plunder their money whenever and wherever they find
it. We also call on Muslims . . . to launch the raid on Satan's US
troops and the devil's supporters allying with them, and to
displace those who are behind them."
When asked, in 1998, about obtaining chemical or nuclear weapons he
said "acquiring such weapons for the defence of Muslims [was] a
religious duty."
In an interview aired on Al Jazira (Doha, Qatar) television he
stated: "Our enemy is every American male, whether he is directly
fighting us or paying taxes."
In two interviews broadcast on US television in 1997 and 1998
he referred to the terrorists who carried out the earlier attack on
the World Trade Center in 1993 as "role models". He went on to
exhort his followers "to take the fighting to America."
23.From the early 1990s Usama Bin Laden has sought to obtain nuclear
and chemical materials for use as weapons of terror.
24.Although US targets are Al Qaida's priority, it also explicitly
threatens the United States' allies. References to
"Zionist-Crusader alliance and their collaborators," and to
"Satan's US troops and the devil's supporters allying with them"
are references which unquestionably include the United Kingdom.
25.There is a continuing threat. Based on our experience of the way
the network has operated in the past, other cells, like those that
carried out the terrorist attacks on 11 September, must be assumed
to exist.
26.Al Qaida functions both on its own and through a network of other
terrorist organisations. These include Egyptian Islamic Jihad and
other north African Islamic extremist terrorist groups, and a
number of other jihadi groups in other countries including the
Sudan, Yemen, Somalia, Pakistan and India. Al Qaida also maintains
cells and personnel in a number of other countries to facilitate
its activities.
27.Usama Bin Laden heads the Al Qaida network. Below him is a body
known as the Shura, which includes representatives of other
terrorist groups, such as Egyptian Islamic Jihad leader Ayman
Zawahiri and prominent lieutenants of Bin Laden such as Abu Hafs
Al-Masri. Egyptian Islamic Jihad has, in effect, merged with Al
Qaida.
28.In addition to the Shura, Al Qaida has several groups dealing with
military, media, financial and Islamic issues.
29.Mohamed Atef is a member of the group that deals with military and
terrorist operations. His duties include principal responsibility
for training Al Qaida members.
30.Members of Al Qaida must make a pledge of allegiance to follow the
orders of Usama Bin Laden.
31.A great deal of evidence about Usama Bin Laden and Al Qaida has
been made available in the US indictment for earlier crimes.
32.Since 1989, Usama Bin Laden has conducted substantial financial and
business transactions on behalf of Al Qaida and in pursuit of its
goals.
These include purchasing land for training camps, purchasing
warehouses for the storage of items, including explosives,
purchasing communications and electronics equipment, and
transporting currency and weapons to members of Al Qaida
and associated terrorist groups in countries throughout the world.
33.Since 1989 Usama Bin Laden has provided training camps and guest
houses in Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Sudan, Somalia and Kenya for
the use of Al Qaida and associated terrorist groups. We know from
intelligence that there are currently at least a dozen camps across
Afghanistan, of which at least four are used for training
terrorists.
34.Since 1989, Usama Bin Laden has established a series of businesses
to provide income for Al Qaida, and to provide cover for the
procurement of explosives, weapons and chemicals, and for the
travel of Al Qaida operatives. The businesses have included a
holding company known as 'Wadi Al Aqiq', a construction business
known as 'Al Hijra', an agricultural business known as 'Al Themar
Al Mubaraka', and investment companies known as 'Ladin
International' and 'Taba Investments'.
Usama Bin Laden and previous attacks
35.In 1992 and 1993 Mohamed Atef travelled to Somalia on several
occasions for the purpose of organising violence against United
States and United Nations troops then stationed in Somalia. On each
occasion he reported back to Usama Bin Laden, at his base in the
Riyadh district of Khartoum.
36.In the spring of 1993 Atef, Saif al Adel, another senior member of
Al Qaida, and other members began to provide military training to
Somali tribes for the purpose of fighting the United Nations
forces.
37.On 3 and 4 October 1993 operatives of Al Qaida participated in the
attack on US military personnel serving in Somalia as part of the
operation 'Restore Hope.' Eighteen US military personnel were
killed in the attack.
38.From 1993 members of Al Qaida began to live in Nairobi and set up
businesses there, including Asma Ltd, and Tanzanite King. They were
regularly visited there by senior members of Al Qaida, in
particular by Atef and Abu Ubadiah al Banshiri.
39.Beginning in the latter part of 1993, members of Al Qaida in Kenya
began to discuss the possibility of attacking the US Embassy in
Nairobi in retaliation for US participation in Operation Restore
Hope in Somalia.
Ali Mohamed, a US citizen and admitted member of Al Qaida, surveyed
the US Embassy as a possible target for a terrorist attack. He took
photographs and made sketches, which he presented to Usama Bin
Laden while Bin Laden was in Sudan. He also admitted that he had
trained terrorists for Al Qaida in Afghanistan in the early 1990s,
and that those whom he trained included many involved in the East
African bombings in August 1998.
40.In June or July 1998, two Al Qaida operatives, Fahid Mohammed Ali
Msalam and Sheik Ahmed Salim Swedan, purchased a Toyota truck and
made various alterations to the back of the truck.
41.In early August 1998, operatives of Al Qaida gathered in 43, New
Runda Estates, Nairobi to execute the bombing of the US Embassy in
Nairobi.
42.On 7 August 1998, Assam, a Saudi national and Al Qaida operative,
drove the Toyota truck to the US embassy. There was a large bomb in
the back of the truck.
43.Also in the truck was Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al 'Owali, another
Saudi. He, by his own confession, was an Al Qaida operative, who
from about 1996 had been trained in Al Qaida camps in Afghanistan
in explosives, hijacking, kidnapping, assassination and
intelligence techniques. With Usama Bin Laden's express permission,
he fought alongside the Taleban in Afghanistan.
He had met Usama Bin Laden personally in 1996 and asked for another
'mission.' Usama Bin Laden sent him to East Africa after extensive
specialised training at camps in Afghanistan.
44.As the truck approached the Embassy, Al 'Owali got out and threw a
stun grenade at a security guard. Assam drove the truck up to the
rear of the embassy. He got out and then detonated the bomb, which
demolished a multi-storey secretarial college and severely damaged
the US embassy, and the Co-operative bank building. The bomb
killed 213 people and injured 4500.
Assam was killed in the explosion.
45.Al 'Owali expected the mission to end in his death. He had been
willing to die for Al Qaida. But at the last minute he ran away
from the bomb truck and survived. He had no money, passport or
plan to escape after the mission, because he had expected to die.
46.After a few days, he called a telephone number in Yemen to have
money transferred to him in Kenya. The number he rang in Yemen was
contacted by Usama Bin Laden's phone on the same day as Al 'Owali
was arranging to get the money.
47.Another person arrested in connection with the Nairobi bombing was
Mohamed Sadeek Odeh. He admitted to his involvement. He identified
the principal participants in the bombing. He named three other
persons, all of whom were Al Qaida or Egyptian Islamic Jihad
members.
48.In Dar es Salaam the same day, at about the same time, operatives
of Al Qaida detonated a bomb at the US embassy, killing 11 people.
The Al Qaida operatives involved included Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil
and Khaflan Khamis Mohamed. The bomb was carried in a Nissan Atlas
truck, which Ahmed Khfaklan Ghailani and Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan,
two Al Qaida operatives, had purchased in July 1998, in Dar es
Salaam.
49.Khaflan Khamis Mohamed was arrested for the bombing. He admitted
membership of Al Qaida, and implicated other members of Al Qaida
in the bombing.
50.On 7 and 8 August 1998, two other members of Al Qaida disseminated
claims of responsibility for the two bombings by sending faxes to
media organisations in Paris, Doha in Qatar, and Dubai in the
United Arab Emirates.
51.Additional evidence of the involvement of Al Qaida in the East
African bombings came from a search conducted in London of several
residences and businesses belonging to Al Qaida and Egyptian
Islamic Jihad members. In those searches a number of documents were
found including claims of responsibility for the East African
bombings in the name of a fictitious group, 'the Islamic Army for
the liberation of the Holy Places.'
52.Al 'Owali, the would-be suicide bomber, admitted he was told to
make a videotape of himself using the name of the same fictitious
group.
53.The faxed claims of responsibility were traced to a telephone
number, which had been in contact with Usama Bin Laden's cell
phone. The claims disseminated to the press were clearly written by
someone familiar with the conspiracy. They stated that the bombings
had been carried out by two Saudis in Kenya, and one Egyptian in
Dar es Salaam. They were probably sent before the bombings had even
taken place. They referred to two Saudis dying in the Nairobi
attack. In fact, because Al 'Owali fled at the last minute, only
one Saudi died.
54.On 22 December 1998 Usama Bin Laden was asked by Time magazine
whether he was responsible for the August 1998 attacks. He replied:
"The International Islamic Jihad Front for the jihad against the US
and Israel has, by the grace of God, issued a crystal clear fatwa
calling on the Islamic nation to carry on Jihad aimed at liberating
the holy sites.
The nation of Mohammed has responded to this appeal. If instigation
for jihad against the Jews and the Americans . . . is considered to
be a crime, then let history be a witness that I am a criminal. Our
job is to instigate and, by the grace of God, we did that, and
certain people responded to this instigation."
He was asked if he knew the attackers:
". . . those who risked their lives to earn the pleasure of God are
real men. They managed to rid the Islamic nation of disgrace. We
hold them in the highest esteem."
And what the US could expect of him:
". . . any thief or criminal who enters another country to steal
should expect to be exposed to murder at any time . . . The US
knows that I have attacked it, by the grace of God, for more than
ten years now . . . God knows that we have been pleased by the
killing of American soldiers [in Somalia in 1993]. This was
achieved by the grace of God and the efforts of the mujahideen . .
. Hostility towards America is a religious duty and we hope to be
rewarded for it by God. I am confident that Muslims will be able to
end the legend of the so-called superpower that is America."
55.In December 1999 a terrorist cell linked to Al Qaida was discovered
trying to carry out attacks inside the United States. An Algerian,
Ahmed Ressam, was stopped at the US-Canadian border and over 100
lbs of bomb making material was found in his car. Ressam admitted
he was planning to set off a large bomb at Los Angeles
International airport on New Year's Day. He said that he had
received terrorist training at Al Qaida camps in Afghanistan and
then been instructed to go abroad and kill US civilians and
military personnel.
56.On 3 January 2000, a group of Al Qaida members, and other
terrorists who had trained in Al Qaida camps in Afghanistan,
attempted to attack a US destroyer with a small boat loaded with
explosives. Their boat sank, aborting the attack.
57.On 12 October 2000, however, the USS Cole was struck by an
explosive-laden boat while refuelling in Aden harbour. Seventeen
crew were killed, and 40 injured.
58.Several of the perpetrators of the Cole attack (mostly Yemenis and
Saudis) were trained at Usama Bin Laden's camps in Afghanistan. Al
'Owali has identified the two commanders of the attack on the USS
Cole as having participated in the planning and preparation for the
East African embassy bombings.
59.In the months before the September 11 attacks, propaganda videos
were distributed throughout the Middle East and Muslim world by Al
Qaida, in which Usama Bin Laden and others were shown encouraging
Muslims to attack American and Jewish targets.
60.Similar videos, extolling violence against the United States and
other targets, were distributed before the East African embassy
attacks in August 1998.
Usama Bin Laden and the 11 September attacks
61.Nineteen men have been identified as the hijackers from the
passenger lists of the four planes hijacked on 11 September 2001.
At least three of them have already been positively identified as
associates of Al Qaida.
One has been identified as playing key roles in both the East
African embassy attacks and the USS Cole attack. Investigations
continue into the backgrounds of all the hijackers.
62.From intelligence sources, the following facts have been
established subsequent to 11 September; for intelligence reasons,
the names of associates, though known, are not given.
* In the run-up to 11 September, bin Laden was mounting a concerted
propaganda campaign amongst like-minded groups of people -
including videos and documentation - justifying attacks on Jewish
and American targets; and claiming that those who died in the
course of them were carrying out God's work.
* We have learned, subsequent to 11 September, that Bin Laden
himself asserted shortly before 11 September that he was
preparing a major attack on America.
* In August and early September close associates of Bin Laden were
warned to return to Afghanistan from other parts of the world by
10 September.
* Immediately prior to 11 September some known associates of Bin
Laden were naming the date for action as on or around 11
September.
* Since 11 September we have learned that one of Bin Laden's
closest and most senior associates was responsible for the
detailed planning of the attacks.
* There is evidence of a very specific nature relating to the guilt
of Bin Laden and his associates that is too sensitive to release.
63.Usama Bin Laden remains in charge, and the mastermind, of Al Qaida.
In Al Qaida, an operation on the scale of the 11 September attacks
would have been approved by Usama Bin Laden himself.
64.The modus operandi of 11 September was entirely consistent with
previous attacks. Al Qaida's record of atrocities is characterised
by meticulous long term planning, a desire to inflict mass
casualties, suicide bombers, and multiple simultaneous attacks.
65.The attacks of 11 September 2001 are entirely consistent with the
scale and sophistication of the planning which went into the
attacks on the East African Embassies and the USS Cole. No warnings
were given for these three attacks, just as there was none on 11
September.
66.Al Qaida operatives, in evidence given in the East African Embassy
bomb trials, have described how the group spends years preparing
for an attack.
They conduct repeated surveillance, patiently gather materials, and
identify and vet operatives, who have the skills to participate in
the attack and the willingness to die for their cause.
67.The operatives involved in the 11 September atrocities attended
flight schools, used flight simulators to study the controls of
larger aircraft and placed potential airports and routes under
surveillance.
68.Al Qaida's attacks are characterised by total disregard for
innocent lives, including Muslims. In an interview after the East
African bombings, Usama Bin Laden insisted that the need to attack
the United States excused the killing of other innocent civilians,
Muslim and non-Muslim alike.
69.No other organisation has both the motivation and the capability to
carry out attacks like those of the 11 September - only the Al
Qaida network under Usama Bin Laden.
Conclusion
70.The attacks of the 11 September 2001 were planned and carried out
by Al Qaida, an organisation whose head is Usama Bin Laden. That
organisation has the will, and the resources, to execute further
attacks of similar scale.
Both the United States and its close allies are targets for such
attacks.
The attack could not have occurred without the alliance between the
Taleban and Usama Bin Laden, which allowed Bin Laden to operate
freely in Afghanistan, promoting, planning and executing terrorist
activity.
LINKS AND FURTHER INFORMATION:
Click <http://www.number10.gov.uk/text/PMspeech.htm> here to view the
Prime Minister's speech to Parliament, 4th October 2001.
Click here <http://www.number10.gov.uk/text/Pressconference.htm> to
read the transcript of the Prime Minister's press conference with
President Putin in Moscow.
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