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http://www.earthpulse.com/haarp/background.html
Background of the HAARP Project
Prepared by Rosalie Bertell, Ph.D., GNSH
Military interest in space became intense during and after World War II
because of the introduction of rocket science, the companion to nuclear
technology. The early versions include the buzz bomb and guided missiles.
They were thought of as potential carriers of both nuclear and conventional
bombs.
Rocket technology and nuclear weapon technology developed simultaneously
between 1945 and 1963. During this time of intensive atmospheric nuclear
testing, explosions at various levels above and below the surface of the
earth were attempted. Some of the now familiar descriptions of the earth's
protective atmosphere, such as the existence of the Van Allen belts, were
based on information gained through stratospheric and ionospheric
experimentation.
The earth's atmosphere consists of the troposphere, from sea level to
about 16 km above the earth's surface; the stratosphere (which contains the
ozone level) which extends from about the 16 to 48 km above the earth; and
the ionosphere which extends from 48 km to over 50,000 km above the surface
of the earth.
The earth's protective atmosphere or "skin" extends beyond 3,200 km above
sea level to the large magnetic fields, called the Van Allen Belts, which
can capture the charged particles sprayed through the cosmos by the solar
and galactic winds. These belts were discovered in 1958 during the first
weeks of the operation of America's first satellite, Explorer I. They appear
to contain charged particles trapped in the earth's gravity and magnetic
fields. Primary galactic cosmic rays enter the solar system from
interstellar space, and are made up of protons with energies above 100 MeV,
extending up to astronomically high energies. They make up about 100 percent
of the high energy rays. Solar rays are generally of lower energy, below 20
MeV (which is still high energy in earth terms). These high energy particles
are affected by the earth's magnetic field and by geomagnetic latitude
(distance above or below the geomagnetic equator). The flux density of low
energy protons at the top of the atmosphere is normally greater at the poles
than at the equator. The density also varies with solar activity, being at a
minimum when solar flares are at a minimum.
The Van Allen belts capture charged particles (protons, electrons and
alpha particles) and these spiral along the magnetic force lines toward the
polar regions where the force lines converge. They are reflected back and
forth between the magnetic force lines near the poles. The lower Van Allen
Belt is about 7700 km above the earth's surface, and the outer Van Allen
Belt is about 51,500 km above the surface. According to the Encyclopedia
Britannica, the Van Allen belts are most intense along the equator, and
effectively absent over the poles. They dip to 400 km over the South
Atlantic Ocean, and are about 1,000 km high over the Central Pacific Ocean.
In the lower Van Allen Belt, the proton intensity is about 20,000 particles
with energy above 30 MeV per second per square centimeter. Electrons reach a
maximum energy of 1 MeV, and their intensity has a maximum of 100 million
per second per square centimeter. In the outer Belt, proton energy averages
only 1 MeV. For compar-ison, most charged particles discharged in a nuclear
explosion range between 0.3 and 3 MeV, while diagnostic medical X-ray has
peak voltage around 0.5 MeV.
Project Argus (1958)
Between August and September 1958, the US Navy exploded three fission type
nuclear bombs 480 km above the South Atlantic Ocean, in the part of the
lower Van Allen Belt closest to the earth's surface. In addition, two
hydrogen bombs were detonated 160 km over Johnston Island in the Pacific.
The military called this "the biggest scientific experiment ever
undertaken." It was designed by the US Department of Defense and the US
Atomic Energy Commission, under the code name Project Argus. The purpose
appears to be to assess the impact of high altitude nuclear explosions on
radio transmission and radar operations because of the electromagnetic pulse
(EMP), and to increase understanding of the geomagnetic field and the
behavior of the charged particles in it.
This gigantic experiment created new (inner) magnetic radiation belts
encompassing almost the whole earth, and injected sufficient electrons and
other energetic particles into the ionosphere to cause world wide effects.
The electrons traveled back and forth along magnetic force lines, causing an
artificial "aurora" when striking the atmosphere near the North Pole.
The US Military planned to create a "telecommunications shield" in the
ionosphere, reported in 13-20 August 1961, Keesings Historisch Archief
(K.H.A.). This shield would be created "in the ionosphere at 3,000 km
height, by bringing into orbit 350,000 million copper needles, each 2-4 cm
long [total weight 16 kg], forming a belt 10 km thick and 40 km wide, the
needles spaced about 100 m apart." This was designed to replace the
ionosphere "because telecommunications are impaired by magnetic storms and
solar flares." The US planned to add to the number of copper needles if the
experiment proved to be successful. This plan was strongly opposed by the
Intentional Union of Astronomers.
Project Starfish (1962)
On July 9, 1962, the US began a further series of experiments with the
ionosphere. From their description: "one kiloton device, at a height of 60
km and one megaton and one multi-megaton, at several hundred kilometers
height" (K.H.A., 29 June 1962). These tests seriously disturbed the lower
Van Allen Belt, substantially altering its shape and intensity. "In this
experiment the inner Van Allen Belt will be practically destroyed for a
period of time; particles from the Belt will be transported to the
atmosphere. It is anticipated that the earth's magnetic field will be
disturbed over long distances for several hours, preventing radio
communication. The explosion in the inner radiation belt will create an
artificial dome of polar light that will be visible from Los Angeles"
(K.H.A. 11 May 1962). A Fijian Sailor, present at this nuclear explosion,
told me that the whole sky was on fire and he thought it would be the end of
the world. This was the experiment which called forth the strong protest of
the Queen's Astronomer, Sir Martin Ryle in the UK.
"The ionosphere [according to the under-standing at that time] that part
of the atmosphere between 65 and 80 km and 280- 320 km height, will be
disrupted by mechanical forces caused by the pressure wave following the
explosion. At the same time, large quantities of ionizing radiation will be
released, further ionizing the gaseous components of the atmosphere at this
height. This ionization effect is strengthened by the radiation from the
fission products... The lower Van Allen Belt, consisting of charged
particles that move along the geomagnetic field lines... will similarly be
disrupted. As a result of the explosion, this field will be locally
destroyed, while countless new electrons will be introduced into the lower
belt" (K.H.A. 11 May 1962). "On 19 July... NASA announced that as a
consequence of the high altitude nuclear test of July 9, a new radiation
belt had been formed, stretching from a height of about 400 km to 1600 km;
it can be seen as a temporary extension of the lower Van Allen Belt" (K.H.A.
5 August 1962).
As explained in the Encyclopedia Britannica: "... Starfish made a much
wider belt [than Project Argus] that extends from low altitude out past L=3
[i.e. three earth radiuses or about 13,000 km above the surface of the
earth]." Later in 1962, the USSR undertook similar planetary experiments,
creating three new radiation belts between 7,000 and 13,000 km above the
earth. According to the Encyclopedia, the electron fluxes in the lower Van
Allen Belt have changed markedly since the 1962 high- altitude nuclear
explosions by the US and USSR, never returning to their former state.
According to American scientists, it could take many hundreds of years for
the Van Allen Belts to destabilize at their normal levels. (Research done
by: Nigel Harle, Borderland Archives, Cortenbachstraat 32, 6136 CH Sittard,
Netherlands.)
SPS: Solar Power Satellite Project (1968)
In 1968 the US military proposed Solar Powered Satellites in geostationary
orbit some 40,000 km above the earth, which would intercept solar radiation
using solar cells on satellites and transmit it via a microwave beam to
receiving antennas, called rectennas, on earth. The US Congress mandated the
Department of Energy and NASA to prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment
on this project, to be completed by June 1980, and costing $25 Million. This
project was designed to construct 60 Solar Powered Satellites over a thirty
year period at a cost between $500 and $800 thousand million (in 1968
dollars), providing 100 percent of the US energy needs in the year 2025 at a
cost of $3000 per kW. At that time, the project cost was two to three times
larger than the whole Department of Energy budget, and the projected cost of
the electricity was well above the cost of most conventional energy sources.
The rectenna sites on earth were expected to take up to 145 square
kilometers of land, and would preclude habitation by any humans, animals or
even vegetation. Each Satellite was to be the size of Manhattan Island.
Saturn V Rocket (1975)
Due to a malfunction, the Saturn V Rocket burned unusually high in the
atmosphere, above 300 km. This burn produced "a large ionospheric hole"
(Mendillo, M. Et al., Science p. 187, 343, 1975). The disturbance reduced
the total electron content more than 60% over an area 1,000 km in radius,
and lasted for several hours. It prevented all telecommunications over a
large area of the Atlantic Ocean. The phenomenon was apparently caused by a
reaction between the exhaust gases and ionospheric oxygen ions. The reaction
emitted a 6300 A airglow. Between 1975 and 1981 NASA and the US Military
began to design ways to test this new phenomena through deliberate
experimentation with the ionosphere.
SPS Military Implications (1978)
Early review of the Solar Powered Satellite Project began in around 1978,
and I was on the review panel. Although this was proposed as an energy
program, it had significant military implications. One of the most
significant, first pointed out by Michael J. Ozeroff, was the possibility of
developing a satellite-borne beam weapon for anti-ballistic missile (ABM)
use. The satellites were to be in geosynchronous orbits, each providing an
excellent vantage point from which an entire hemisphere can be surveyed
continuously. It was speculated that a high-energy laser beam could function
as a thermal weapon to disable or destroy enemy missiles. There was some
discussion of electron weapon beams, through the usepreheat a path for the following
electron beam.
The SPS was also described as a psychological and anti- personnel weapon,
which could be directed toward an enemy. If the main microwave beam was
redirected away from its rectenna, toward enemy personnel, it could use an
infrared radiation wave- length (invisible) as an anti-personnel weapon. It
might also be possible to transmit high enough energy to ignite combustible
materials. Laser beam power relays could be made from the SPS satellite to
other satellites or platforms, for example aircraft, for military purposes.
One application might be a laser powered turbofan engine which would receive
the laser beam directly in its combustion chamber, producing the required
high temperature gas for its cruising operation. This would allow unlimited
on-station cruise time. As a psychological weapon, the SPS was capable of
causing general panic
The SPS would be able to transmit power to remote military operations
anywhere needed on earth. The manned platform of the SPS would provide
surveillance and early warning capability, and ELF linkage to submarines. It
would also provide the capability of jamming enemy communications. The
potential for jamming and creating communications is significant. The SPS
was also capable of causing physical changes in the ionosphere
President Carter approved the SPS Project and gave it a go- ahead, in
spite of the reservation which many reviewers, myself included, expressed.
Fortunately, it was so expensive, exceeding the entire Department of Energy
budget, that funding was denied by the Congress. I approached the United
Nations Committee on Disarmament on this project, but was told that as long
as the program was called Solar Energy by the United States, it could not be
considered a weapons project. The same project resurfaced in the US under
President Reagan. He moved it to the much larger budget of the Department of
Defense and called it Star Wars. Since this is more recent history, I will
not discuss the debate which raged over this phase of the plan.
By 1978, it was apparent to the US Military that communications in a
nuclear hostile environment would not be possible using traditional methods
of radio and television technology (Jane's Military Communications 1978). By
1982, GTE Sylvania (Needham Heights, Massachusetts) had developed a command
control electronic sub-system for the US Air Force's Ground Launch Cruise
Missiles (GLCM) that would enable military commanders to monitor and control
the missile prior to launch both in hostile and non-hostile environments.
The system contains six radio subsystems, created with visible light using a
dark beam (not visible) and is resistant to the disruptions experienced by
radio and television. Dark beams contribute to the formation of energetic
plasma in the atmosphere. This plasmaSome has a different charge than the sun's
energy, and accumulates in places
where the sun's energy is absent, like the polar regions in the winter. When
the polar spring occurs, the sun appears and repels this plasma,
contributing to holes in the ozone layer. This military system is called:
Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN). (See The SECOMII Communication System,
by Wayne Olsen, SAND 78- 0391,Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico,
April 1978.) This innovative emergency radio system was apparently never
implemented in Europe, and exists only in North America.
Orbit Maneuvering System (1981)
Part of the plan to build the SPS space platforms was the demand for
reusable space shuttles, since they could not afford to keep discarding
rockets. The NASA Spacelab 3 Mission of the Space Shuttle made, in 1981, "a
series of passes over a network of five ground based observatories" in order
to study what happened to the ionosphere when the Shuttle injected gases
into it from the Orbit Maneuvering System (OMS). They discovered that they
could "induce ionospheric holes" and began to experiment with holes made in
the daytime, or at night over Millstone, Connecticut, and Arecibo, Puerto
Rico. They experimented with the effects of "artificially induced
ionospheric depletions on very low frequency wave lengths, on equatorial
plasma instabilities, and on low frequency radio astronomical observations
over Roberval, Quebec, Kwajelein, in the Marshall Islands and Hobart,
Tasmania" (Advanced Space Research, Vo1.8, No. 1, 1988).
Innovative Shuttle Experiments (1985)
An innovative use of the Space Shuttle to perform space physics
experiments in earth orbit was launched, using the OMS injections of gases
to "cause a sudden depletion in the local plasma concentration, the creation
of a so called ionospheric hole." This artificially induced plasma depletion
can then be used to investigate other space phenomena, such as the growth of
the plasma instabilities or the modification of radio propagation paths. The
47 second OMS burn of July 29, 1985, produced the largest and most
long-lived ionospheric hole to date, dumping some 830 kg of exhaust into the
ionosphere at sunset. A 6 second, 68 km OMS release above Connecticut in
August 1985, produced an airglow which covered over 400,000 square km.
During the 1980's, rocket launches globally numbered about 500 to 600 a
year, peaking at 1500 in 1989. There were many more during the Gulf War. The
Shuttle is the largest of the solid fuel rockets, with twin 45 meter
boosters. All solid fuel rockets release large amounts of hydrochloric acid
in their exhaust, each Shuttle flight injecting about 75 tons of ozone
destroying chlorine into the stratosphere. Those launched since 1992 inject
even more ozone-destroying chlorine, about 187 tons, into the stratosphere
(which contains the ozone layer).
Mighty Oaks (1986)
In April 1986, just before the Chernobyl disaster, the US had a failed
hydrogen test at the Nevada Test Site called Mighty Oaks. This test,
conducted far underground, consisted of a hydrogen bomb explosion in one
chamber, with a leaded steel door to the chamber, two meters thick, closing
within milliseconds of the blast. The door was to allow only the first
radioactive beam to escape into the "control room" in which expensive
instrumentation was located. The radiation was to be captured as a weapon
beam. The door failed to close as quickly as planned, causing the
radioactive gases and debris to fill the control room, destroying millions
of dollars worth of equipment. The experiment was part of a program to
develop X-ray and particle beam weapons. The radioactive releases from
Mighty Oaks were vented, under a "licensed venting" and were likely
responsible for many of the North American nuclear fallout reports in May
1986, which were attributed to the Chernobyl disaster.
Desert Storm (1991)
According to Defense News, April 13 - 19, 1992, the US deployed an
electromagnetic pulse weapon (EMP) in Desert Storm, designed to mimic the
flash of electricity from a nuclear bomb. The Sandia National Laboratory had
built a 23,000 square meter laboratory on the Kirkland Air Force Base, 1989,
to house the Hermes II electron beam generator capable of producing 20
Trillion Watt pulses lasting 20 billionths to 25 billionths of a second.
This X-ray simulator is called a Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator. A stream
of electrons hitting a metal plate can produce a pulsed X-ray or gamma ray.
Hermes II had produced electron beams since 1974. These devises were
apparently tested during the Gulf War, although detailed information on them
is sparse.
High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program, HAARP (1993)
The HAARP Program is jointly managed by the US Air Force and the US Navy,
and is based in Gakona, Alaska. It is designed to "understand, simulate and
control ionospheric processes that might alter the performance of
communication and surveillance systems." The HAARP system intends to beam
3.6 Gigawatts of effective radiated power of high frequency radio energy
into the ionosphere in order to:
a.. Generate extremely low frequency (ELF) waves for communicating with
submerged submarines
b.. Conduct geophysical probes to identify and characterize natural
ionospheric processes so that techniques can be developed to mitigate or
control them
c.. Generate ionospheric lenses to focus large amounts of high frequency
energy, thus providing a means of triggering ionospheric processes that
potentially could be exploited for Department of Defense purposes,
d.. Electron acceleration for infrared (IR) and other optical emissions
which could be used to control radio wave propagation properties
e.. Generate geomagnetic field aligned ionization to control the
reflection/scattering properties of radio waves,
f.. Use oblique heating to produce effects on radio wave propagation,
thus broadening the potential military applications of ionospheric
enhancement technology.
Poker Flat Rocket Launch (1968 to Present)
The Poker Flat Research Range is located about 50 km North of Fairbanks,
Alaska, and it was established in 1968. It is operated by the Geophysical
Institute with the University of Alaska Fairbanks, under NASA contract.
About 250 major rocket launches have taken place from this site, and in
1994, a 16 meter long rocket was launched to help NASA "understand chemical
reactions in the atmosphere associated with global climate change." Similar
experiments, but using Chemical Release Modules (CRM), have been launched
from Churchill, Manitoba. In 1980, Brian Whelan's "Project Waterhole"
disrupted an aurora borealis, bringing it to a temporary halt. In February
1983, the chemical released into the ionosphere caused an aurora borealis
over Churchill. In March 1989, two Black Brant X's and two Nike Orion
rockets were launched over Canada, releasing barium at high altitudes and
creating artificial clouds. These Churchill artificial clouds were observed
from as far away as Los Alamos, New Mexico.
The US Navy has also been carrying on High Power Auroral Stimulation
(HIPAS) research in Alaska. Through a series of wires and a 15 meter
antenna, they have beamed high intensity signals into the upper atmosphere,
generating a controlled disturbance in the ionosphere. As early as 1992, the
Navy talked of creating 10 kilometer long antennas in the sky to generate
extremely low frequency (ELF) waves needed for communicating with
submarines. Another purpose of these experiments is to study the Aurora
Borealis, called by some an outdoor plasma lab for studying the principles
of fusion. Shuttle flights are now able to generate auroras with an electron
beam. On November 10, 1991, and aurora borealis appeared in the Texas sky
for the first time ever recorded, and it was seen by people as far away as
Ohio and Utah, Nebraska and Missouri. The sky contained "Christmas colors"
and various scientists were quick to blame it on solar activity. However,
when pressed most would admit that the ionosphere must have been weakened at
the time, so that the electrically charged particle hitting the earth's
atmosphere created the highly visible light called airglow. These charged
particles are normally pulled northwards by the earth's magnetic forces, to
the magnetic north pole. The Northern Lights, as the aurora borealis is
called, normally occurs in the vortex at the pole where the energetic
particles, directed by the magnetic force lines, are directed.
Conclusions
It would be rash to assume that HAARP is an isolated experiment which
would not be expanded. It is related to fifty years of intensive and
increasingly destructive programs to understand and control the upper
atmosphere.
It would be rash not to associate HAARP with the space laboratory
construction which is separately being planned by the United States. HAARP
is an integral part of a long history of space research and development of a
deliberate military nature.
The military implications of combining these projects is alarming.
Basic to this project is control of communications, both disruption and
reliability in hostile environments. The power wielded by such control is
obvious.
The ability of the HAARP / Spacelab/ rocket combination to deliver very
large amount of energy, comparable to a nuclear bomb, anywhere on earth via
laser and particle beams, are frightening.
The project is likely to be "sold" to the public as a space shield against
incoming weapons, or, for the more gullible, a devise for repairing the
ozone layer.
Further References:
C.L. Herzenberg, Physics and Society, April 1994.
R. Williams, Physics and Society, April 1988.
B. Eastlund, Microwave News, May/June 1994.
W. Kofinan and C. Lathuillere, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol 14, No.
11, pp 1158-1161, November 1987 (Includes French experiments at EISCAT).
G. Metz and F.W. Perkins. Ionospheric Modification Theory: Past Present
and Future, Radio Science, Vo1.9, No. 11, pp 885 -888, November 1974.
This page maintained and copyright ©1996 - 1999 by the Earthpulse Press.
----- Original Message -----
From: "A. Bpyer" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
To: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Sent: Wednesday, September 15, 2004 10:07 AM
Subject: About HAARP
> The info about HAARP is sorely lacking details
> including the involvement of Scientology cults, Golden
> Dawn cults, and intelligence agencies, FBI not
> excluded. If you are "Wicca savvy" or satanic savvy
> -- then you know this article is on track with its
> blame and theoretically correct. IF you are not
> informed yet...you simply aren't "on."
>
> Judith ABR
>
>
>
> _______________________________
> Do you Yahoo!?
> Declare Yourself - Register online to vote today!
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>
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