Re: Chicea Carbon Creation Counter-Commentary
I agree with the contention that the Carbon "plated" on the cathode is from CO2 contamination either from the atmosphere and/or possibly from from the electrolyte-electrode chemicals. De-ionized D2O or H2O will absorb atmospheric CO2 in seconds. CO2 released at the anode can mix with the (H2, D2, O2) gases in the vapor space and undergo synthesis gas reactions catalyzed by the electrode surfaces above the electrolyte: 1, D2 + CO2 (Pd orNicatalyst) D2O + CO 2, D2 + CO (Pd or Ni catalyst) D2 + CO D2O + C Many other similar reaction pathways are possible. Frederick
Re: Chicea Carbon Creation Counter-Commentary
At 7:29 AM 11/26/4, Frederick Sparber wrote: I agree with the contention that the Carbon plated on the cathode is from CO2 contamination either from the atmosphere and/or possibly from from the electrolyte-electrode chemicals. De-ionized D2O or H2O will absorb atmospheric CO2 in seconds. Yes. It has just occurred to me that, despite the fact such a mundane explanation carbon formation may appear to be an argument against CF type alchemy, it may provide an important look into how CF may be controllably created, as will be discussed further below. CO2 released at the anode can mix with the (H2, D2, O2) gases in the vapor space and undergo synthesis gas reactions catalyzed by the electrode surfaces above the electrolyte: 1, D2 + CO2 (Pd or Ni catalyst) D2O + CO 2, D2 + CO (Pd or Ni catalyst) D2 + CO D2O + C Many other similar reaction pathways are possible. Yes, especially since CO2 and various compounds it forms in water, being polar like water, have an affinity for protons, so in solution, take on (average) positive charges from hydronium and migrate to the cathode, i.e. become cations, e.g.: CO2 + H3O+ -- CO2H+ + H2O The above two-way reaction equilabrates strongly toward the left, but clearly any equilibration at all migrates the CO2 to the cathode due to the force on the proton. Some cations require energy from an anode to be formed in the presence of water, because water tends to strip the protons right out of them. Carbolic acid (phenol) can form when CO2 is dissolved in water, and it can be hydroniumized to make a cation, i.e. a carbonium ion. Phenol is just an aromatic ring (C6) with an OH attached. One has to wonder if the freed aromatic rings can form into fullernes at the cathode when the free proton is electronated and water formed, leaving the aromatic ring behind. In any event, it seems to me an environment that can create aromatic rings can similarly create Fullerenes. If fullerenes can be created at a cathode surface, then this seems to have two major implications: (1) electrolysis of (strong) carbolic acid or other aromatic compounds may provide a practical means of bulk fullerene production and (2) the fullerenes formed at cathodes, especially when codeposited with metals and deuterium, may have a significant effect in producing cold fusion. Fullerenes would of course create major crystal defects, and, as powerfully contained packing sites for adorbed deuterium, such defects may be the missing ingrediant for reproducible CF. In other words the fullerene carbon bonds provide strong containment for pockets of hydrogen, the ionically bonded metal lattice permeable to protons provides a means of packing the fullerenes. Pockets of compressed hydrogen at defects created by hydrogen implantation of metals, esp. aluminum, have been shown to be fusion sites when bombarded by either electron beams (Kamada et al), or deuteron beams (Kasagi et al). The strong containment may be significant at the time of fusion catalysis due to the need to give secondary electrons time to work. The Kasagi experiment created protons with anomalous energies of up to 17 MeV using a beam that was less than 150 KeV. The Kasagi experiment involved the bombardment of a deuterium loaded titanium rod target with deuterium ions at up to 150 KeV. One possible explanation for the above was that somehow the incident deuteron frequently, for unexplained reasons, would interact with two target deuterons: D + D + D - p + n + alpha + 21.62 MEV One possible explanation for such a phenomenon is that in the lattice deuterons tend to form Bose condensates which, when struck by a deuteron, tend to react as a single entity. Kamada obtained high energy particles and excess heat evidence using electron bombardment of deuterated targets. The fact fusion can be triggered by electron beam bombardment I take to be an indication of or confirmation of electron catalysed fusion. The exciting thing is the requirement for the electron catalysis to happen at highly compressed pockets of deuterium. It seems to me the high energy electron beam used by Kamada may have been primarily needed in order to obtain the required penetration. It strikes me that the best way to obtain a volume CF effect, as opposed to a surface CF effect, is to bombard the deuterated target with xrays. The xrays can then, at depth, provide the needed catalytic electrons of the required energy. It would be of great interest to correlate fusion events with xray energy for deuterated targets of varying thickness. One of the interesting results obtained by Kamada: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 35 (1996) pp. 738-747 Part 1, No. 2A, February 1996 Anomalous Heat Evolution of Deuteron-Implanted Al upon Electron Bombardment Kohji KAMADA, Hiroshi KINOSHITA [1] and Heishitiro TAKAHASHI [1] National Institute for Fusion Science, Nagoya 464-01, Japan [1] Center of Advanced Research Energy Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 062,
Re: Chicea Carbon Creation Counter-Commentary
At 1:39 PM 11/25/4, Robin van Spaandonk wrote: In reply to Jones Beene's message of Wed, 27 Oct 2004 08:13:03 -0700: Hi, [snip] An extraordinary paper was presented at ICCF-10 entitled Comment On Carbon Production In Deuterium-Metal Systems by DAN CHICEA, Visiting Research Associate Professor at Portland State. http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDcommentonc.pdf The experiment reveals that when titanium, palladium or a combination of them was loaded with deuterium, a considerable amount of carbon was found on the surface of the cathode after many days - merely as a result of high loading. These results suggest that there is a strong correlation between merely achieving a high loading ratio and the appearance of new elements, particularly carbon, on the cathode. How could this be? Carbon is the lightest element that has a per nucleon binding energy equivalent to that of the heaviest metals. In short a rearrangement of nucleons can take place without mass to energy conversion. Another possibility is that the cells are exposed to the atmosphere. CO2 can thus dissolve into the electrolyte, forming carbolic acid etc. Carbonium radicals (which are positive) may form at the anode or in solution, due to the presence of H3O+ there which provides protons. The Pd or Ti cathode can then strip the hydrogen off the carbonium radicals, adsorbing the hydrogen, and leaving the carbon on its surface. That is a possible explanation for carbon only though. Regards, Horace Heffner
Re: Chicea Carbon Creation Counter-Commentary
In reply to Jones Beene's message of Wed, 27 Oct 2004 08:13:03 -0700: Hi, [snip] An extraordinary paper was presented at ICCF-10 entitled Comment On Carbon Production In Deuterium-Metal Systems by DAN CHICEA, Visiting Research Associate Professor at Portland State. http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDcommentonc.pdf The experiment reveals that when titanium, palladium or a combination of them was loaded with deuterium, a considerable amount of carbon was found on the surface of the cathode after many days - merely as a result of high loading. These results suggest that there is a strong correlation between merely achieving a high loading ratio and the appearance of new elements, particularly carbon, on the cathode. How could this be? Carbon is the lightest element that has a per nucleon binding energy equivalent to that of the heaviest metals. In short a rearrangement of nucleons can take place without mass to energy conversion. Regards, Robin van Spaandonk All SPAM goes in the trash unread.
Chicea Carbon Creation Counter-Commentary
An extraordinary paper was presented at ICCF-10 entitled Comment On Carbon Production In Deuterium-Metal Systems by DAN CHICEA, Visiting Research Associate Professor at Portland State. http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/ChiceaDcommentonc.pdf The experiment reveals that when titanium, palladium or a combination of them was loaded with deuterium, a considerable amount of carbon was found on the surface of the cathode after many days - merely as a result of high loading. These results suggest that there is a strong correlation between merely achieving a high loading ratio and the appearance of new elements, particularly carbon, on the cathode. How could this be? The author suggests that the appearance of carbon on palladium after being loaded with deuterium might be the result of the multi-body fusion of D, caused by a strong confinement inside the palladium or titanium lattice and in the presence of an increased free electron concentration. Of course he doesn't go into much detail about how SIX deuterium nuclei can all fit into a single cavity and fuse simultaneously. Despite the excellent experiment, he is almost certainly incorrect as to the explanation. I will suggest another possibility, involving a hypothetical chemical isomer of Helium which is being called Helectronium (**He) and which can be described as an alpha which is doubly enriched in the heavy electron electronium (*e-). The alpha particle which normally results from the cold fusion of 2 deuterium nuclei, in this hypothetical scenario, will have no kinetic vector and will thermalize where it is formed with the capture of two heavy electrons which we have been calling electronium (*e-), with the result being a highly compact helium atom/molecule which can act much like a neutron in certain situations, particularly when formed in triplicate. When D+D combines and fuses within a very confined matrix, instead of releasing a high energy gamma of 24 MeV, which it does in a plasma, the fusion reaction will result in *pair production* which is not at all atypical for high energy reactions, with most of the excess energy release going into the creation of up to two dozen electron-positron pairs, temporarily taking the form of short-lived positronium, which is the preferred transient form for electron-positron pair production. Some of these pairs, in the tight confines of the metal matrix will combine with valence electrons to form a stable electron-positron-electron disk Triad. This is a most basic creation modality in string theory - the combination of triplet wave particles into stable mass. Everything in the observable universe was formed this way, and there is no reason to think that the modality cannot be ongoing. After this picosecond *implosion* type creation event, the rest of the excess energy, now downshifted considerably will outgas, forming the typical CF crater, which is seen in the SEMS images. The positron, for that brief instant of existence, will of course be rotating counter to two electrons, and the resultant entity will possess a net charge of (e-) just like a single electron, and a net spin of 1/2, but a mass of over twice, up to ~250 % of the mass of a single electron (figuring that the binding energy mass defect is given off as lower energy gammas). The excess mass which is normally found in all neutrons may be an indication that the (*e-) normally has a mass of about 1.28 MeV. IOW it is a heavy electron which has escaped detection previously because it is both rare and will seldom become a valence or conduction electron, so it cannot be emitted from a cathode. When an alpha picks up two of these to become (**He) , its resultant radius shrinks considerably and its effective charge is near zero but it will have a negative near-field. Now, it is suspected that the Helectronium itself, if three of them are formed simultaneously, may repeat this very same triplicate creation process, in situ. The result would be the extraordinarily high levels of Carbon, discovered by Chicea in this simple experiment. In effect, the three (**He) bosons will have formed in a two step process, a condensate which immediately takes on the wave function characteristics of carbon. In 1938, Kapitsa, Allen and Misener discovered that helium-4 became a new kind of matter, now known as a superfluid, at temperatures below 2.2 degrees Kelvin (K). Superfluid helium has many unusual properties, including the ability to flow upwards without dissipating energy (i.e. zero viscosity) and most importantly, the existence of quantized vortices . This low temperature is not seen in CF, that is true of course, but the extremely high effective pressure within a CF matrix, can give similar analogous results to low temperature. Both high pressure and cold temperatures have similar confinement and entropy reducing characteristics. At least that is the case which is being presented here for your consideration. In the case of the superfluid, it was quickly realized
