http://www.jupiterscientific.org/sciinfo/bosonsfermions.html
Elementary particles such as electrons, quarks, neutrinos, protons and
neutrons are fermions. Photons are examples of bosons. Elementary particles
have an intrinsic spin or turning motion, which must be a multiple of 1/2
due to quantum mechanics. Bosons are particles with integer spin such as 0,
1, 2, and so on. Fermions are particles with half-integer spin such as 1/2,
3/2, 5/2, and so on. A particle with spin 0 does not spin at all. Since
electrons, quarks, neutrinos, protons and neutrons have spin 1/2, they are
fermions.
A bound state consisting of two fermions is a boson because the spins of
the two fermions add or subtract to give an integer spin. For example, a
bound state of two quarks has spin 1 if the two quarks spin in the same
direction. If they spin in opposite directions, the spins subtract and the
bound state has spin 0. In either case, a boson is obtained. In general, a
bound state of an even number of fermions is always a boson. For example,
since the helium-4 nucleus consists of four fermions -- two protons and two
neutrons, it is a boson.
In general, a bound state of an odd number of fermions is always a fermion.
For example, since the helium-3 nucleus consists of three fermions -- two
protons and one neutron, it is a fermion. A bound state of any number of
bosons is always a boson because you can never add or subtract integers to
obtain a half-integer.
It follows that if LENR can only occurs in a nucleus with zero spin,
therefore, the LENR capable nucleus must be a boson. Ni62 and Ni64 are
bosons and can form a BEC. Ni61 is not LENR capable and is a fermion.
LENR might occur in a spin condensate where all the spins aline in a
specific direction to project a magnetic field at a distance. LENR might
involve Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Quantum Spin System.
On Tue, Oct 7, 2014 at 4:24 AM, frobertcook frobertc...@hotmail.com wrote:
A il Axil--
I tbink Bose particles can havezero spin as well as integer spin. Neg.
intergers are ok. Also all particles in theBEC do not have to have the
same spin. Some can be + and some -.
Bob
Sent from my Verizon Wireless 4G LTE Smartphone
Axil Axil janap...@gmail.com wrote:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7110/full/nature05117.html
Bose–Einstein condensation is one of the most fascinating phenomena
predicted by quantum mechanics. It involves the formation of a collective
quantum state composed of identical particles with integer angular momentum
(bosons), if the particle density exceeds a critical value. *To achieve
Bose–Einstein condensation, one can either decrease the temperature or
increase the density of bosons. It has been predicted that a
quasi-equilibrium system of bosons could undergo Bose–Einstein condensation
even at relatively high temperatures,* if the flow rate of energy pumped
into the system exceeds a critical value. Here we report the observation of
Bose–Einstein condensation in a gas of magnons at room temperature. Magnons
are the quanta of magnetic excitations in a magnetically ordered ensemble
of magnetic moments. In thermal equilibrium, they can be described by
Bose–Einstein statistics with zero chemical potential and a
temperature-dependent density. In the experiments presented here, we show
that by using a technique of microwave pumping it is possible to excite
additional magnons and to create a gas of quasi-equilibrium magnons with a
non-zero chemical potential. With increasing pumping intensity, the
chemical potential reaches the energy of the lowest magnon state, and a
Bose condensate of magnons is formed.
A high density of bosons can increase the formation of a BEC at
increasingly high temperatures.
