Hi everyone.
I've decided to pop back on the list to follow up on my message that Jim
forwarded. I actually have a great deal of interest in this question and
I'm hoping some others here might find themselves in the same boat as me
and therefore also be interested.
My question was a bit
The point about plagiarism is interesting and one I hadn't thought
about. Though I don't think there's really a way to avoid the threat
whatever we put online. One solution is that my university subscribes
to a service that will scan papers for plagiarism (it seems a bit
cop-like but
From what I understand from his co-thinkers, the argument is both
political and technological. It is that productivity has been restored
by the implementation of "lean production" systems, i.e., increased
taylorization and flexibilization has allowed for productivity gains
through
STOP!!! PLEASE!!! I referred an intern to Doug once and she had a great
_working_ experience. No interaction with or complaints about his libido.
Cheers,
Tavis
On Wed, 27 Jan 1999 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
At 12:36 PM 1/27/99 -0500, Doug Henwood wrote:
Tom Walker wrote:
Would that
I haven't been following it closely lately, but I worked for NABET a
couple of years ago, so I'll tell you what I remember from then. I hope
it helps.
While there were some wage and benefits discrepancies, the main issue was
job security and bargaining unit erosion. The old contract with
On Thu, 7 Jan 1999, Jim Devine wrote:
Ellen writes:
Over the last few days, I have been looking over data on wages, exports,
bankruptcies, etc. in the former so-called emerging markets. International
capital, it seems, is really putting the screws to the laboring classes in
Asia and
On Sun, 22 Nov 1998 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
If I believe that others will opt out at 9997; if others believe that I
and some others might opt out at 9997, they might set their sights at 9996
Oh no! The Rosenthal centipede careens onto the stock market floor and
starts eating everything in
On Tue, 29 Jul 1997 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
In the Times today, they note that part of the entire package
just passed is payment of minimum wage for workfare recipients. Not that
minimum wage is any panacea, but at least it isn't LESS than minimum. maggie
coleman [EMAIL PROTECTED]
I guess it could mean one of two things:
(1) Capital intensive firms in the US somehow are really more productive;
(2) Relative to other countries, the US has had more productivity gains
through speed-ups than through mechanization.
Is this a trick question?
Curious,
Tavis
On Fri, 20 Jun
Blair, this was Jeronimo Ji Jaga (fka, Elmer Pratt), a then-Panther who
was framed in the early 70s for a robbery-murder along with Angela Davis.
Davis was acquitted, but Ji Jaga was convicted on the basis of testimony
from an FBI informant. The informant and the prosecution did not
Maggie --
I suspected we may have been talking at cross purposes, I just have these
instincts sometimes to be knit-pickingly clear sometimes. :| Your point
is well taken, and my only thought in response to your comments is to
perhaps state the obvious: People usually believe in change, they
On Sun, 8 Jun 1997 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
In a message dated 97-06-08 16:08:52 EDT, you write:
Second, I think it partly has to do with various types of complacency.
In the case of the reproductive rghts movement, I remember how the
movement groups sort of re-oriented toward issues of
On Sun, 8 Jun 1997, Doug Henwood wrote:
Bob Fitch told me that after he gave a talk on the dire economic situation
in NYC, a staffer from one of UNITE's predecessors, ACTWU, came up to him
and said he loved the talk except for one thing - Fitch's complaint about
low wages (in sweatshops,
Maggie --
It would be delusional of me to claim to have the answers to your
questions below (though there may be some on this list who will offer you
the correct line to answer everything you were wondering about). Just a
few thoughts since I should get back to the rest of my life and stop
On Fri, 6 Jun 1997 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
[TB: " No long ideological battles on weekdays, I'm afraid."]
Are long ideological battles ever necessary? Perhaps intellectuals don't
communicate to non-intellectuals because the 'nons' don't want to waste time
in ideological battles--real
On Fri, 6 Jun 1997 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
I think local activism is important, but it is only part of the answer.
People spend the bulk of their adult lives in unions, and not only do they
not make social change, they vote conservatively. Certainly not all, but
being involved in a
On Fri, 6 Jun 1997, Doug Henwood wrote:
What can I say? The activists I've talked with and reported on don't sound
very much like the ones you describe. A recent confirmation of my analysis
was provided in a good little report on welfare reform by Rachel Timoner
for the Applied Research
On Thu, 5 Jun 1997, Doug Henwood wrote:
A lot of this describes the state of already-existing "progressive"
politics in the U.S. - hundreds, thousands of little local organizations
organized around neighborhood, ethnicity, or issue, but who rarely talk
with each other (and who are often
On Thu, 5 Jun 1997, William S. Lear wrote:
Anyway, we have RI - DUI - DA (Radical Intellectuals produce
Democratically Useful Information, which will/can lead to Democratic
Action). But my little model misses something, RI - DTM - DUI -
DA, where DTM is the Democratic Transmission
On Thu, 5 Jun 1997, William S. Lear wrote:
On Wed, June 4, 1997 at 22:10:29 (-0700) Tavis Barr writes:
On Wed, 4 Jun 1997, Michael Perelman wrote:
The answer is that I would not even think of coming up with such a
program. I would devote my energies to reinvigorating the grass roots
On Wed, 4 Jun 1997, Michael Perelman wrote:
The answer is that I would not even think of coming up with such a
program. I would devote my energies to reinvigorating the grass roots.
In the U.S., much the most progressive legislation in our history came
during the Nixon years. Did Nixon
Wellfurchrissakes, Michael, they're social democrats. Their options are
limited by what they can allow themselves to call for as reform. I think
the CP has as good a program as one could hope for from a party that's
moved by the powers dat be, and they seem to be trying to impose it on
Y'all --
I've noticed a dramatic increase in the amount of junk email arriving to
my accounts, like from one a week to five a day, in the last month. I
don't know if it's just me or if it's happening to other people on the
net. I have a feeling it's the latter. I'm writing to find out and
You might also try _Out at Work_, which is a new film about lesbian and
gay issues in the workplace. I haven't seen it but I've heard a lot of
good things about it. You can order it from Frameline in San Francisco,
415-703-8650.
Good luck,
Tavis
On Sat, 31 May 1997 [EMAIL PROTECTED]
-- Forwarded message --
During the heat of the space race in the 1960's, NASA
decided it needed a ball point pen to write in the zero gravity
confines of its space capsules. After considerable research and
development, the Astronaut Pen was developed at a cost
of $1 million
I'm enjoying this thread on beer, though I'd like to request that my name
be excised from the title because I think "Tavis=wrong" is attaining meme
status on pen-l (and will no doubt surface up years later as an addendum
to the good times virus report) and this may create problems for my
[I wear the title proudly. :) ]
On Wed, 7 May 1997, D Shniad wrote:
Tavis:
My contention is that service markets aren't as globalizable as
manufacturing markets.
Sid:
I don't think this is anything more than a contention.
Allright, I'll use some data. It comes from a data set I'm
On Wed, 7 May 1997, Rosenberg, Bill wrote:
Isn't the point that workers in those industries are feeling these
encroachments at the margins? There may be lots of them working in
those industries still, but their bargaining power is determined by
the steady loss of jobs, and threat of
Hmm... what response could I possibly have to such an assertive title?
Of course you can find examples of international outsourcing within any
industry. It's part of what firms attempt to do with their labor
process: Deskill and standardize their inputs, then figure out how to
expand the
On Tue, 6 May 1997, Laurie Dougherty wrote:
This is related to the point Tavis is making. While it's true that people tend to
use
services locally, it is not true that those services must be offered in any given
location. Look at the inner cities which are lacking in many of the retail
On Mon, 5 May 1997, James Devine wrote:
the point is that the US economy has changed and is changing,
seemingly at an accelerated pace (whereas you had something like that the
role of exports was stable).
My pocket almanac figures tell a different story (sorry, they don't have
GDP
Sid, let me start from a different vantage point rather than respond bit
by bit, hopefully for the sake of clarity. I agree that there is massive
global consolidation in telecom, perhaps more than in any other sector.
I agree that competition may be becoming more intense in the local
I guess I'd have a slightly different answer. The autocentric economy
seems derivative of the postwar import-substitutionist economy, which
nobody is really doing much of anymore. Deregulation is happening almost
at gunpoint. Manufacturing is becoming unambiguously more global.
On the
On Mon, 5 May 1997, James Devine wrote:
I don't know. I calculated the degree of "openness" or globalization of the
US economy (which is simply the average of imports and exports divided by
gross domestic product; development economists use this kind of measure of
openness all the time).
On Mon, 5 May 1997, D Shniad wrote:
Unless I misunderstand what it is you're arguing, Tavis, I think you're
dead wrong. Telecommunications is based on local markets? There was a
piece in the LA Times recently about the big North American telecom
companies making an unprecedented move on
On Sat, 3 May 1997, Michael Perelman wrote:
Tavis, I suspect that we have to sort our two different trends. First,
the economy as a whole has grown, so we might expect from extrapolation,
a growth in production and non-production workers.
Right. The point is that the production
On Fri, 2 May 1997, Anthony P D'Costa wrote:
But price fixing still possible even if competition has increased. steel
supplies are not that elastic. After getting rid of obsolete capacity the
overall supply situation is somewhat belanced but around the world demand
is increasing and
On Fri, 2 May 1997, Michael Perelman wrote:
Yes, indeed. The industrialsts did too much competing for the financial
types, so they remade the economy at the turn of the century through
trust, cartels and outright monopolies. In many cases, it took a
different mentality to succeed at the
Michael--
Your piece on US Steel was interesting. Thanks. It raised a bunch of
questions, though:
You describe one view of production (unit cost-minimizing) as "industrial"
and the other (revenue maximizing through rents) as "financial." While
the classification has some aesthetic appeal
On Thu, 1 May 1997, Louis N Proyect wrote:
Isn't it possible that the growth of a "non-production workforce" in
manufacturing simply reflects the transition from some of these companies
out of manufacturing into finance? Isn't the purpose of US Steel to
enhance the share value of its
On Thu, 1 May 1997, Louis N Proyect wrote:
Isn't it possible that the growth of a "non-production workforce" in
manufacturing simply reflects the transition from some of these companies
out of manufacturing into finance? Isn't the purpose of US Steel to
enhance the share value of its
I had a job doing something like this in high school. It was in a small but
growing shop that made instruments for keeping vials at a certain
temperature. I put together an integrated business system (based on a
standard format) that calculated parts, labor time, and sale dates,
tracked
Unemployment rates do not tell the story about deindustrialization. I'm
using an extraction from the CPS data set that shows that as much as a
quarter of the increase in wage variance at the state level in the 1980s
can be explained by deindustrialization. Preliminary evidence from the
I don't know anything about the Austrian School bit. Sympathy for
English liberalism would indeed be surprising, since it goes against the
grain of everything Foucault had written. As you know, he spends a lot
of time both in Discipline and Punish and in the History of Sexuality V1
It may or may not be a hoax (though my inclination is that it is). While
it is more or less impossible to send a virus as an email message, it is
possible to send a virus as an email attachment with some email
programs; for example, a viewer might recognize an attachment with a ".com"
On Wed, 26 Mar 1997, Doug Henwood wrote:
I must have missed something. Who spat on Foucault, called him rubbish?
It wasn't you, Doug, it was somebody who responded to your post saying
something like, "Why bother reading Foucault?" I should save these
things before I post, I guess.
Okay, to used a mixed metaphor, I'll bite this thread. I have a
love/hate relationship with Foucault's work that includes both a lot of
respect and a lot of problems. I think Foucault deserves our respect if
for nothing else because he was a political activist who was out on the
streets
On Tue, 18 Mar 1997, Doug Henwood wrote:
a Foucaultian on the Spoons
Foucault list said:
The most important effect of
(neo-)liberalism for Foucault was the link it offers between the
subject and the state, the private and the public, it constitues at
the same time the ground for the
"Chicago labor economist" is probably most of what you need to know. He
spends a lot of time trying to argue that industry wage differentials are
due to unobservable differences in the workers in those industries, and
other empirical work to support "competitive" hypotheses about the labor
On Thu, 9 Jan 1997, Doug Henwood wrote:
Nothing that fancy. These numbers come from the flow of funds accounts,
produced by the reeking servants of the rentier class at the Federal
Reserve. They do a sources and uses of funds accounting for all the
principal sectors. In the case of
On Wed, 8 Jan 1997, Doug Henwood wrote:
I don't think there's ever been a serious bear market without a serious
uptick in interest rates. So weak retail sales figures aren't likely to
bring about a collapse, since speculators will assume a neutral-to-looser
stance from the Fed. What could
On Tue, 7 Jan 1997, Doug Henwood wrote:
Think of it this way: getting the government to buy stocks from rich folks
- what tech analysts on Wall Street call "distribution," the transfer of
stocks from smart to dumb, rich to poor, or whatever unfavorable binary you
want to use - would be a
Recent contributors to Pen-L have raised many of the relevant and concrete
questions about Social Security reform in terms of who it will affect
and how. But since this is a list full of long-wave theorists, I'm
wondering if I can also bring up some abstract and irrelevant ideas.
Doug --
I don't discount your point that when the common folk come into the stock
market, it's time to get out. That's common wisdom at the business
school here too. I'm sure that there will be some transfer
from poor to rich when the market dives (my own pet theory: At the end of
this
As I remember, it was an internal World Bank memo a little over four
years ago from Summers who was then head cheese to the then vice-head
cheese (can't remember who that was) that got leaked to the press.
Summers was not joking. The argument is very simple: People in poorer
countries are
On Thu, 5 Dec 1996 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Stop me before I regress again! I'll leave further work to those
with more sophisticated 'metrics. (bill?)
Just two comments (I'd do this myself but I erased the data):
(1) You should let the data tell you where the structural break
is.
On Fri, 29 Nov 1996, Max B. Sawicky wrote:
The sphere to
which I allude is not only the Beltway scene, much beloved
by followers of this list, but also the hinterlands. Has
anyone been aware of JR involved in any politics -- even
political statements -- other than book-tour stuff? If
I think this is a very narrow interpretation of what's going on. I've
worked here in New York with people currently fighting in Kabila's army
and they're hardly dupes of US imperialism. Nor, for that matter, are
they Tutsi. They have been active participants in anti-imperialist
movements
Jerry, I had the exact same reaction Doug did. Of course you can't
summarize _Capital_ in thirty seconds but you can bring out its main points
and say what its chief contribution is. Enough anyway, to demonstrate
that it makes an important contribution. So, how about it: _Spectres of
The point is not about intellectual laziness. It's about communication.
If we have to go back to an original work to discuss the ideas contained
in it, then its concrete relevance is not clear. Example: Many (most?)
of us have read at least most of the three volumes of Capital. Yet we
Labor Notes also has a new pamphlet out on this. I think it's called
_Our Time_. I leafed through it and it looked pretty good. Their
address is [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Cheers,
Tavis
On Tue, 29 Oct 1996, Tom Walker wrote:
By all means explore my web site more, I'd also recommend the
Some further comments on Maggie's views (sorry I deleted the original by
mistake):
There tend to be two sort of "equilibria" for working conditions in
progressive organizations. I'm sure that game theorists could come up
with the appropriate complementarities, etc, to ogenerate them:
1.
Do stupid neoclassical models count? If so, then it's easy. Suppose
that there is a one-good economy with capital-enhancing, labor-diminishing
technological change, that starts in period 100, such that
(1) y = t * K^(1-1/t^2) * L^(1/t^2)
where t is the period. The Wlarasian
On Thu, 17 Oct 1996, Doug Henwood wrote:
My O is rarely H. Mergers can be a response to profitability pressures, no?
The health care merger wave in the U.S. now is a response to
cost-containment pressures, for example. Ditto weapons industry mergers, a
response to shrinking procurement
Do we have the usual up-to-the-minute Doug Henwood stats on credit card
debt? If so, what's happened?
Curious,
Tavis
P.S. My other question, for both Doug and Mike, is about concentration,
since that's how the thread started. Please note, I'm not a Monopoly
Capital adherent, this is
On Mon, 14 Oct 1996, Michael Perelman wrote:
I do not have a precise definition of competitiveness. I do have an
understanding about what it means. Most industries have low marginal
and high fixed costs. Under competitive conditions, they would lose
money. Profits, in effect, are a
Michael, what, for you, defines competitiveness? Is it a high elasticity
of own-firm demand? Is it simply a low profit rate that causes others to
enter into one's sector at the sign of even moderate profits? If so,
what are the causes of low profits, IYHO? Does competitiveness mean a
As long as we're in pretty-little-curve land, try this one on your student:
The low wage labor market (or any labor market for that matter) has
features that mainstream economists normally associate with monopsony,
even when there are plentiful employers. This may be because workers
have
I really don't get this. A rise in wages would be inflationary if
(1) it caused firms to raise mark-ups over labor costs;
(2) it created a rise in prices from a rise in consumer demand.
Either of these is possible in a static model where wages autonomously
rise; however, in a dynamic model,
Ajit, this sounds intriguing. There are empirical papers estimating the
cross-elasticities of demand for skilled and unskilled labor, and you
might want to look at them and try to begin to get a sense of whether or
not the numbers are reasonable for such a story. But I think it would
Sorry y'all. Jim's right.
Cheers,
Tavis
On Wed, 9 Oct 1996 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Tavis writes I really don't get this. A rise in wages would be
inflationary if (1) it caused firms to raise mark-ups over labor
costs; (2) it created a rise in prices from a rise in consumer
demand.
It's just not obvious. For the most part there is very little effect of
the minimum wage on macroeconomic variables. There is a falling
wage/output ratio and we still have 3% inflation. Periods of
relatively stable wage/output ratios have not historically been periods of
high inflation.
You could use the CPS, which has about 300,000 participants yearly; the
trouble is that it's top-coded at $75-99,000 'til '92 and at $199,000
since then, so you will miss the richest 1-2% in calculating the Gini
Coefficient. You can extrapolate using the Mills Ratio if you assume
that
To answer this question completely would take a whole tome. The short
answer is that the empirical estimates of the "production function" are
meaningless barring stringent assumptions. Suppose, just for a minute,
that there really is "perfect competition" neoclassical style and that
there
Is anybody driving to the URPE summer workshop from New York, and if so,
could you give me a ride? Does anybody have the schedule and
registration information?
Thanks for your help,
Tavis
On Tue, 13 Aug 1996 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
What upset me the most was that my ss#, which is supposed to be used for tax
purposes only, is being illegally used by an online network to which I have
never subscribed!!! I mentioned to the lexis person that tracking people by
ss# is illegal
Following is one of my typically inept attempts to try to answer Maggie,
Jerry, and Barkley in one swell foop:
I'm not trying to claim that Marx's theory of crisis was a thorough
description of capitalist inefficiency or even a good one (though I
agree with it). The point was merely in
Jim,
I'll bite. It seems to me that what you're criticizing is much mroe
generally the value of modelling economies mathematically than just the
A-D GE model (unless by A-D you mean specifically Walrasian equilibrium,
which I agree is irrelevant enough to be useless). These models tell us
On Tue, 9 Jul 1996, Terrence Mc Donough wrote:
[about whether one enjoys beer for itself or for social belonging]
I suppose there may not be much difference as far as neoclassical
utility theory is concerned. To do what Tavis suggests you have to
put social belonging in the utility
On Tue, 9 Jul 1996 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
To Tavis B.
Of course if preferences are well ordered and convex and
technology and resources are suitably well behaved an Arrow-
Debreu equilibrium exists. But so what? The criticism is indeed
on the lines of the autonomy of preferences.
Written by space aliens or runaway computers? Enquiring minds wanna know.
Ever the imperialist running dog,
Tavis
On Tue, 9 Jul 1996, neil wrote:
Dear Friends,
In his Det#115 and other ravings, Joseph Green, caudillo of his CVO
Detroit "anti-revisionist" sect has gone ballastic
On Tue, 9 Jul 1996 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Barkley Rosser notes, correctly, that there is no way to measure efficiency
outside the nc framework. I would take this a couple of steps further:
I'm not sure about this. For example, a sound-bite image of what Marx
meant by capitalist crisis
On Mon, 8 Jul 1996, Terrence Mc Donough wrote:
The problem with lower income doesn't really have directly to do with
lower levels of consumption. Below some minimum, a lack of income
will mean exclusion from normal social interaction. To take a simple
example, in Ireland not being
Let me take a shot at this. It sounds more like a problem of
your textbook than one of neoclassical economics (though y.t. is hardly a
neoclassicist).
General equilibrum models very rarely have money in them except when they
ask questions specifically about money. Prices are assumed to
Columbia has the luck of having the Barnard economics department, headed
by the two pretty heterodox economists Duncan Foley and Andre
Bergstaller. Bergstaller is teaching a graduate history of economic
thought course this semester that I'm taking (I think someone does every
year) and it's
On Tue, 19 Dec 1995, Trond Andresen wrote:
Nobody from the U.S. audience on pen has commented on this. How _do_ you U.S.
comrades feel about the idea of an independent Hawaii?
Trond Andresen
Truthfully, Trond, there is next to nothing about it in the US media. I
seem to remember a
I thought some pen-lers might be interested in this little tidbit.
-- Forwarded message --
Date: Fri, 15 Dec 1995 01:02:07 -0500
From: Barbara A. Zeluck [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: I talked to Michel tonight
[Personal stuff deleted. The opening paragraoh explains that Barbara
Date: Fri, 08 Dec 1995 13:19:22 +0100
From: x [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: French movement situation
The situation in France is now undoubtedly the biggest social crisis since May
68. Yesterday was a new action day, and the struggle were bigger than ever.
There was 2 million strikers (at the
[Sorry, I tried to send this out earlier but my mailer wouldn't let me.]
On Sat, 2 Dec 1995, Paul Zarembka wrote:
On Sat, 2 Dec 1995, Tavis Barr wrote:
The simple fact is that capitalism induces technical change by means of
labor-saving, capital-using technology. This means
Let me take a shot at this.
The simple fact is that capitalism induces technical change by means of
labor-saving, capital-using technology. This means that if the rate of
exploitation stays constant (which is what you are arguing for, in
essence, when you call for an output-pegged minimum
According to a rudimantary supply-demand analysis, an exogenous entrance
of a large number of people into the labor force would decrease the wage
and increase the natural rate of unemployment; however I think the
entrance of women into the labor force through the 1970s is not an
example of
On Tue, 31 Oct 1995, Elaine Bernard wrote:
The results of the Quebec referendum with over 90% voting
was 50.6% no and 49.4% yes. Hard to imagine a tighter
vote.
Except maybe the French vote to join the EC, at 50.1 / 49.9 . :|
Vive le plebiscitarianisme,
Tavis
Jim --
I suppose we should suggest they give up and just have a prize in applied
mathematics. It might put things in a bit more perspective: After all,
while Lucas is one of the best applied mathematicians in economics
departments, he could be outclassed by quite a few people in math
I'm looking for profit rates in manufacturing (and also possibly
services) by 3- or preferably 4-digit SIC for as many
of the postwar years as possible. If anyone knows where I can look,
please let me know.
Thanks,
Tavis
-- Forwarded message --
Date: Wed, 06 Sep 95 21:26:28 EDT
From: Charlie Post [EMAIL PROTECTED]
On Sunday, September 24, at 2PM a memorial meeting will be held for Ernest
Mandel at the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research (65
Fifth Avenue in Manhattan).
I don't think you'll find an agreed upon method to sort out efficiency
wages from compensating differentials. There are few direct, objective,
general measures of effort, capital specificity, bargaining power, etc. The
one article I know of, as evidence against efficiency wages, was by
I assume pen-l ers are aware of the details surrounding Mumia's case. I
got this appeal from a comrade from Philadelphia on the Solidarity list;
it makes a strong and impassioned enough case that I wanted to forward it
to help spread the message. I hope you'll agree when you're done reading
-- Forwarded message --
Date: Fri, 21 Jul 1995 08:05:26 -0700
From: Joanna Misnik [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: Ernest Mandel has passed away
Ernest Mandel, a leader of the Fourth International and internationally
known Marxist economist died yesterday in Belgium of a heart
attack.
On Mon, 26 Jun 1995 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
To Tavis Barr,
I would be curious what is your source that
40% of women in Puerto Rico have been sterilized.
If this is the case, was it forced and what is the
source for that?
Needless to say I do not support forced sterilization
On Tue, 27 Jun 1995 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
2) I am extremely skeptical that anything near 40% of Puerto
Rican women of child-bearing age have been strilized against their wills.
For one thing the Roman Catholic Church would have raised holy hell.
For another, there has been no US
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