Jones and Bob—
Bob is correct rfegarding terminology for alloys. An alloy has an
ionic bond between metallic nuclei as I understand. But those bonds
may only occur at grain boundaries with individual grains of the
“quasi-alloy” being in bulk one or the other metallic element.
However the smaller the grains, the more ionic bi-metallic alloy you
get.
With this concept in mind starting a manufacturing process for Ni-Ag
“alloy” would use nano sized metallic particles and proiceed to
obtain a homogeneous mixture of the two metals, evacuate the mixture
and hot press the mixture with various sintering times to allow a
variety of heats and LENR properties.
Homogeneous mixing is the key. Cryogenic conditions using a liquid
gas such as nitrogen or helium may help avoid clumping of like metal
particles during mixing. Jones suggestion of a rapid ball milling
procedure (with an inert cryogenic fluid) may work well. Maybe
merely a tumbling mixing would work. However, I would guess that
ball milling would further attrite the Ni and or Ag nano-particles
and assure good mixing.
The N or helium should coat each particle with atoms to avoid
clumping. When the fluid mixture is poured in to a hot press mold
evacuated and hot pressed, the individual Ni and Ag particles should
remain well mixed as the N gas (or other gas) evaporates from its
position around reach individual particle. Boundary exchange of
particle nuclei may then occur at temperature.
An interesting alternative would be to use liquid H with precautions
to handle a reaction should LENR conditions be right. This may
result in a bi-metallic hydride ripe for LENR with correct resonant
stimulation and ambient magnetic conditions.
SAFETY IS A CRITICAL CONSIDERATION IMHO.
Bob Cook
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*From: *Bob Higgins <mailto:rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com>
*Sent: *Monday, June 19, 2017 7:41 AM
*To: *vortex-l@eskimo.com <mailto:vortex-l@eskimo.com>
*Subject: *[Vo]:"Type A nickel" ?
Jones, As you have discussed, the Type A Pd that appears to be LENR
active is an actual alloy. In an alloy you expect an atomic level
crystal lattice alteration - the lattice constants of the alloy are
uniform and different than with Pd alone. However, what you describe
as a "mechanical alloy" is unlikely to be anything other than an
admixture of grains of Ag with grains of Ni. An "alloy" and a
"mechanical alloy" are two vastly different things. It is sort of
like the nickel silver not having any silver - the mechanical alloy
has no alloy.
True alloying would alter the lattice constants by creating a new
crystal structure incorporating the alloy metal at the basic atomic
crystallographic level; hopefully in a way that allows more H to
enter the lattice. Also, forming a true alloy would potentially
lower the vacancy formation energy of the Ni; which, in some theories
would raise the LENR rate. OTOH, if a "mechanical alloy" is formed,
the only difference achieved will be creation of dirty grain
boundaries between solid grains of Ni and Ag. It is possible that
effects could occur at such grain boundaries, so it can't hurt to
try. It is just hard to envision what would promote LENR by creating
a "mechanical alloy".
On Sun, Jun 18, 2017 at 6:10 PM, Jones Beene <jone...@pacbell.net
<mailto:jone...@pacbell.net>> wrote:
One further detail about the possible advantage of using silver
alloyed with nickel in LENR, instead of pure nickel - with
hydrogen as the gaseous reactant, instead of deuterium.
If this were to work for LENR gain, the identity of the nuclear
reaction is not the same. Obviously, such an alloy as Ni-Ag
(assuming it is made via mechanical alloying)... would be
unlikely to produce helium from fusion, as happens in Pd-D...
since there is no deuterium (although a alpha emission following
proton nuclear tunneling is not ruled out.) But there is an ideal
alternative reaction.
First - a detail which you may not be aware of is the composition
of control rods in nuclear fission reactors going back 50 years.
As it turns out - silver has been commonly used as an alloy in
control rods, along with boron. Part of the explanation is here
but there is more to it than meets the eye. Silver is like a
magnet for neutrons more so than any other element across the
entire spectrum.
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2011/ph241/grayson1/
In short, silver has a high cross section for neutrons of all
energies whereas boron and cadmium and other absorbents generally
work with neutrons of a narrow energy range. Silver wants them
all and this could imply more, if Ag works with nickel.
But where are the neutrons to being with? - oops - there are
none, or so it seems.
But lets broaden this suggestion to include Holmlid's results.
Holmlid shows that UDH can be made simply by flowing hydrogen
over a catalyst. If so then we could end up with a neutron
substitute, which is the so-called "quasi-neutron".
This presumed particle is larger than a neutron, but otherwise
could be a substitute. This quasi-neutron could also be what
Widom and Larsen are claiming as an active particle of LENR.
The crux of the issue is this. Silver has a high cross-section
for neutrons of all energies and the quasi neutron could also
favor silver - but this is not proved. If it happens, the energy
of the gamma should be less, since the mass-energy of UDH is
less. Also the half-life following activation is very short and
there is little or no residual radioactivity.
Jones
Much has been said about Type A palladium and its special
reactivity with hydrogen, some of which is due to the alloy
being one fourth silver. Since pure palladium doesn't work as
well, it might be said that most of the reactivity seen in
cold fusion has been due to the special properties of the
alloy, which is a 3:1 ratio (75% Pd 25% Ag).
In many ways, nickel can be considered to be a surrogate of
palladium. Nickel resides directly under Pd in the Periodic
table, and has an identical valence electron structure. This
leads one to wonder about an alloy of nickel and silver,
based on transposing the results of cold fusion to protium,
instead of deuterium.
Unfortunately, in the historical context - and going back 300
years in metallurgy, the term "nickel silver" refers to a
well known alloy of copper, nickel and zinc which contains
zero silver. Essentially, nickel silver is a brass alloy that
looks like much like the more expensive silver and is much
stronger and more durable - making it a great substitute for
most common uses.
This old alloy was created to serve exactly the same purpose
as silver for attractive shinny flatware but not as
prohibitively expensive - about 20 times less expensive per
unit of weight than silver. This semantic confusion did not
lead to neglect of finding a real alloy of nickel and silver
since these two metals are indeed mutually insoluble. They do
not mix. That kind of insolubility is somewhat unusual in
itself for metals so similar - but basically the two metals
do NOT alloy by melting together as is commonly done.
However, this proposed LENR alloy which I will call "Type A
Nickel" in the 3:1 ratio has been studied in another context
- and found to have exceptional properties for water
splitting. To accomplish this they had to go to extraordinary
lengths to achieve an alloy. There are very few papers on
this because of the lack of a commercial alloy which can be
purchased.
BUT ... there is a strong suspicion that "Type A Nickel"
could be special for replacing pure nickel in LENR. This
assumes that silver is reactive in its own right for a
nuclear reaction, such as in the protonation reaction Robin
mentioned in another thread.
BTW - In the paper "Nickel–silver alloy electrocatalysts for
hydrogen evolution and oxidation in an alkaline electrolyte"
Tang and others showed that the NiAg alloy is an excellent
catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Based on the
free energy of adsorbed hydrogen, theory predicts that alloys
of nickel and silver are very active for these type of
hydride reactions and they are. The alloy is just hard to
make or else you would have heard about it before now.
Basically - the Type A Nickel could work better for NiH
reactions than nickel, since it is twice as reactive for
water splitting (as defined in their test) which needs to be
proven out. This testing has been neglected in the past - due
to the lack of electrodes... for which there is a
work-around. That is what I propose to add: an easy work
around at least for some experiments.
My suggestion to anyone contemplating a gas phase reaction is
to try mixing nickel-black and silver-black in a high speed
ball mill, in a ratio of 3:1 --- where mechanical alloying is
expected. Then, use this composite powder instead of nickel.
Mechanical alloying is special in its own way and could add
something akin to surface treatment.
Electrolysis reactions would be more difficult to accomplish
with powder - and since this proposed work-around for
silver/nickel insolubility involves metal powders and
mechanical alloying a different geometry would be needed for
the cell. However, powder has been used for electrolysis
electrodes before (as a colloid) - and it could be worth the
effort.
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