Rossi is said to isotopically enhance his nickel powder in some mysterious and controversial way to enhance the nuclear power production of his reaction. Why does Rossi feel that it is important to isotopically enhance the nickel isotopes 62Ni and 64Ni in this micro powder?
Well To begin with, 62Ni is stable with 34 neutrons and 28 protons; more precisely, 62Ni is the "most stable" nuclide of all the existing elements, with binding energy greater than both 56Fe, often incorrectly cited as "most stable", and 58Fe. The key factor in the success of the Rossi reaction is loads of binding energy. 64Ni is also near the top of the binding energy pile but to simplify things we won’t talk about that reaction. In other words, the most tightly bound of all nuclei is 62Ni, though the championship of nuclear binding energy is often attributed to 56Fe, it actually comes in a close third. Nickel-62 is granted the binding energy championship because it has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any isotope for any element (8.7946 Mev/nucleon). The size of the Nickel-62 is just big enough to have the repulsive force of the constituent protons felt all over its nucleus. But as the nucleus of heavier elements get bigger; the proton change is increasingly shielded by the share size of the expanding nucleus so less average binding force is needed to hold the growing nucleus together. The binding force comes from the nucleons that comprise the nucleus. Each proton and neutron contributes some mass to the binding force. This mass defect is the difference between the atomic mass of the atom and the mass of its constituent particles, When a proton tunnels into the nucleus of a nickel atom, It is the Z+1 transmutation process to copper that produces the excess reaction energy. That energy comes from the binding energy of the nucleus. Each of the nucleons contributes to that binding energy through what is known as the mass defect of the nucleus. The energy of the reaction comes from ALL the subatomic members of the nucleus and not just the proton. In the heavy isotopes of nickel, there are more nucleons to share the energy production load. This makes the reaction more probable; a higher cross section. It is important to realize that this large binding energy is the AVERAGE energy needed per nucleon to rip the nucleus totally apart. This average doesn’t tell you how much energy for particular nucleon since that amount will vary depending on what TYPE of nucleon you remove. The only way to determine the energy needed to remove any particular nucleon; one must also know both the initial binding energy of the host nucleus and the final binding energy of the resultant nucleus. More specifically, to remove or add a proton to a nucleus requires a different amount of energy than it does a neutron. The difference is determined by a host of nuclear variables including the changes in coulomb repulsion, symmetry and parity. It is important to always remember that the binding energy per nucleon is simply an averaged value. It only gives some feel for how stable the nucleus of a given element is and how much gluon energy is invested in holding the nucleus together. The average binding energy per nucleon does not tell anything other than an APPROXIMATION of the binding energy released or absorbed by a nuclear reaction. To calculate the energy released by a nuclear reaction one needs to know the total binding energy of the nucleus at the start of the reaction and the total binding energy that remains at the end of the reaction. Nuclear binding energy is the inverse of the negative potential energy (mass) of the nucleus relative to its particles. The total mass goes DOWN (is negative), the "Binding Energy" goes UP (is positive). However, please note that the positive energy generation of a nuclear reaction comes from the binding energy of the nucleus being negative in relation to the starting particles; In the reaction, positive energy must be released to meet the law of the conservation of energy. Exothermic energy production of a nuclear reaction comes entirely from the binding energy of the nucleus. In the principle nuclear reaction that is most likely in the Rossi reactor: 62Ni(2p(S=0), p)63Cu Nickel transmutes to copper when a pair of protons tunnel into the nucleus of the nickel atom and one member of the proton pair carries the exothermal nuclear energy gain out of the nucleus. Remember that there are 29 Protons and 34 Neutrons in Copper-63. The difference in the binding energy between the two isotopes Nickel-62 and Copper-63 is about 6MeV which is carried off by the extra proton of the proton pair. When the two protons penetrate into the nickel nucleus, those protons contribute little to the energy released by the reaction. It is the energy excess of binding energy or the total nuclear mass change where all the power comes from. * * On Sat, Feb 4, 2012 at 6:35 PM, Jones Beene <jone...@pacbell.net> wrote: > From: Mark Iverson > > * Enjoy the SuperBowl commercials! They're not nearly as good as > they > used to be... > > But there are more of them, so aren't we the same satisfied consumers, as > ever? Hey, substituting quantity for quality - this is the Hallmark of > McCapitalism, no? Hold the pink slime :-) > > Speaking of Super-hype, this may be a good time to introduce the so-called > the "superpartner" (sparticle) which is hypothetical. (Who says mainstream > physicists are not repressed drama queens? If it's not named after divinity > then it has to be an action hero, right?). > > Supersymmetry predicts the existence of these "shadow" particles; and like > so many things that work on paper, this could have a tinge of reality - > even > at so-called "low energy". (the strong force is NEVER low energy, even if > the reaction space has low net energy density, compared to the LHC, due to > low probability of quark alignment). > > Of interest to Ni-H emerging theory is one superpartner called the "gluino" > which is related to the gluon in a shadowy kind of eightfold way - and > could > be involved in proton mass depletion without transmutation. The idea being > that proton mass depletion fuels the gain which is experimentally seen in a > chain of related experiments: Thermacore, Mills, Piantelli, Focardi, > Celani, > Rossi, DGT et al. - without much of a radiation signature. They coulda > called it the Buddino. > > The really ironic thing is that Supersymmetry derives whatever modicum of > proof it enjoys from ultra-high energy beam experiments, yet a higher > acceleration gradient is arguably present from the strong force and no > beam, > when two protons approach each other at femtometers geometry with quark > suppression of Coulomb charge. > > If you feel like getting really weird on SuperSunday (instead of guzzling > beers and watching a bunch of pampered overpaid jocks do mock battle)- then > try to wade through the references from the Wiki summary at: > > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangeness_production > > Mind-bending, > > Jones ... with technical consultation from Milo Minderbinder, "Mess" > Officer and McCapitalist deluxe > > >
