Marten,
I was considering that option on and off and on and then off again. A few
things I would like to avoid that would be present with a bottom heater.
1. A heater at the bottom would concentrate too much heat on the powder. With
a few grams of nickel, not all nickel would be carried by the updraft. Quite a
substantial percentage would remain in the bottom. A heater would impart too
much heat to that clump of Ni powder. Not sure if that is good or bad, but
from my early (and maybe faulty) understanding of the process, I do not believe
overheating the nickel powder is productive.
2. I don't believe bulk heating the powder is the best way to create Rydberg
matter. Bulk Heating it would tend to concentrate too much heat on certain
portions of the clump and possibly melt it. At the least, the heat would
probably sinter the nickel powder and destroy all active nano sites. Someone
correct me, but if I remeber correctly, Nickel atom migration and the start of
the sintering process begins to occur at around 500C. Clearly, with bulk
heating, you can not prevent heating a few protions of that the nickel powder
clump to 500C. The goal is to ionize the powder and hydrogen to create Rydberg
matter, not heat it and sinter it and melt it with bulk heating.
3. A heat source at a single point at the bottom of the reactor would create a
strong laminar flow originating from the heat source up and possibly get cooled
and flow down on the sides of the reactor. While admittedly, one would want
such a flow of heat to occur, a believe a strong laminar convective flow would
not produce a significant amount of mixing. I believe a better way would be
some turbulent flow and turbulent mixing together with a reasonalbe amount of
laminar convective flow.
If you had a vertical pipe with a heat source at the bottom and in the middle,
you would have a point heat source and that would create a laminar flow.
However, if you had something like a inverted "T" at the bottom and spread out
the heat source accros the horizontal axis of the inverted T, you would have a
distributed heat source that would create turbulence. And then, the vertical
part of the T would induce a certain amount convective laminar flow. This is
the kind of "controlled" turbulence balanced by a healthy laminar flow to
transfer heat that I hope to achieve with my reactor.
Looking back at Rossi's early E-Cat design - the design he showed to E&K, I
always wondered why Rossi has that huge chimney like structure built on what is
clearly an inverted T design. To me, it seems that that huge chimney was a
collosal waste of material for simply serving as the input port for the
hydrogen. (The best way to reverse engineer Rossi is to study his designs and
figure out the purpose of his design decisions, rather than listen to his
blabber which is probably disinformation and misdirection anyways.)
I could never figure out the rational for Rossi's "Chimney" until the
importance of turbulence hit me. That chimney structure is there to promote
turbulence and a certain amount of laminar gas movement. I think it was Axil
who pointed out last year that a few grams of nickel clumped at the bottom of
the reactor would surely burn a hole at the bottom of that reactor based on the
amount of heat it was generating - over 137KW at one point during the Guiseppe
demonstration. Clearly, distributing the heat was an integral part of Rossi's
design. And the best way to do that is to design turbulence and gas movement
and heat distribution. Clearly, Rossi has an inverted T reactor with a
chimney. And then, I suspect he has a resistive heater running across the
horizontal axis of that inverted T. Later, he probably added a high voltage
wire with it to create his sparks. This design is the design I am trying to
replicate. A distributed heat source at the bottom and a chimney to promote
laminar flow.
Jojo
----- Original Message -----
From: mårten Sundling
To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Sent: Thursday, March 22, 2012 9:46 PM
Subject: [Vo]:Ang.: [Vo]:Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol
Hello jojo
Why not use a heater at the bottom to create s thermosiphon flow, a updraft
of hydrogen and nickel..
Mårten
Skickat från min HTC
----- Reply message -----
Från: "Jojo Jaro" <jth...@hotmail.com>
Till: <vortex-l@eskimo.com>
Rubrik: [Vo]:Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol
Datum: tis, mar 20, 2012 23:59
Axil, Excellent series of posts on Rydberg Matter. Very informative.
Thanks. I now have a better understanding.
My question centers on speculation about how Rossi might be creating Rydberg
matter of Cesium or Potassium as you speculate. Tell me if my speculation
makes sense.
In Rossi's earlier reactor design, I speculate he had a cylindrical reactor
with a wire in the middle which he subjects to high voltage. The high voltage
creates sparks. The high voltage may have been applied at a specific
frequency. I suspect the high voltage applied at just the right frequency
would create tons of and tons of Rydberg matter via sparking. I am thinking
that if the frequency were too low, there would not be enough Rydberg matter
created. If the frequency were too high, it would possibly create a too high
localized temperature to "cook" and melt the nickel powder rendering its
nanostructures inert thereby killing the LENR reactions. I'm thinking the
trick is to find out the right amount of sparking - enough to create tons of
Rydberg matter but not too much to melt the nickel nanostructures. It would
also be important to design the heat and convective flow inside the reactor to
properly distribute the heat.
With this cylindrical setup, the nickel powder would be "bunching" at the
bottom of the cylindrical reactor. Applying repeated sparking onto this pile
would increase the chances of melting the nickel nanostructure due to increased
localized high temperatures due to sparking. This would explain Rossi's
quiescence problem. He can only apply sparks for so long till the Ni powders
would melt.
To solve this quiescense problem, Rossi had to figure out how to distribute
the sparks over a wider area - basically he has to spread the nickel powder. I
believe this is what prompted Rossi to design his "FAT Cat" design. If I
remember correctly, his home E-Cat was shaped like a laptop with the reactor
itself being only 20x20x1 cm in dimensions. This is essentially two metal
plates separated by a thin layer of pressurized hydrogen. The nickel is spread
out thinly over the surface of the plate. He then subjects the plates to high
voltage to create sparks. He controls the amount of sparks by varying the
frequency of the high voltage. If he needs more reaction, he increases the
frequency of the sparks creating more Rydberg matter to catalyze more
reactions. If he lowers the amount of sparks, he lowers the reaction rate.
Spreading the Ni powder would also have the effect of spreading the heat
thereby minimizing the chances of too high localized temperatures.
In DGT's design, they have cylindrical reactors machined from a big block of
steel. I believe they would then put a wire in the middle just like Rossi's
original design. (I believe that the purpose of the "window" in DGT's test
reactors is to observe the sparks during testing.) DGT minimized the quiescene
problem by using Ni sparingly and spreading it out over a longer cylindrical
reactor. Rossi's cylindrical reactor was short and fat, hence his Ni powder
would be bunched up in the bottom. DGT's cylindrical design was longer and
thinner, thereby spreading the Ni powder, minimizing quiescense as they claimed.
To me this appears to be evident. I believe part of the electronics in
Rossi's blue control box is electronics for controlling the sparking rate,
which he calls "RF".
So basically, I think you may be right about Rydberg matter. I think the
strategy is to design a reactor that would subject the Ni and catalyst mix to
sparks promoting the creation of Rydberg matter. Then make sure that there is
sufficient turbulence inside the rreactor to agitate and blow the powder all
over thereby minimizing the chances of "cooking" the powder while
simultaneously increasing the chances of a chance encounter between the Rydberg
matter catalyst and the Ni nuclei.
So, essentially, I think the secret is sparks with lots of turbulent mixing.
I have designed a new reactor setup to try out these ideas. I will have a
horizontal cylindrical reactor with a "stripped" spark plug electrode as the
high voltage source. I will then drive this spark plug with an Ignition coil
actuated by a Power MOSFET driven by the PWM output of my MF-28 data
acquisition module. I will program the sparking frequency by controlling the
rate of PWM output. (Later on, I will program a feedback mechanism to lower
the sparking rate if the temperature gets too high.) The trick would then be
to find the right amount of sparking for the highest amount of heat production.
To increase chances of success, I will be including all elements suggested as
catalyst - ie iron, carbon, copper, tungsten, sodium, potassium and cesium,
although cesium might be harder to acquire.
What do you think of my plan?
Once again, thanks for sharing your theoretical understanding so that we
engineers can build and do the experiments.
Jojo
----- Original Message -----
From: Axil Axil
To: vortex-l@eskimo.com
Sent: Wednesday, March 21, 2012 4:31 AM
Subject: Re: [Vo]:Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol
Hi Bob,
Much thanks for your interest in this post.
In order to answer your question properly, it’s going to take some time… so
be patient.
I will respond in a series of posts.
Post #1
Bob Higgins asked: “Rydberg hydrogen has a very loosely bound electron”.
Axil answers:
Besides hydrogen, many other elements and even various chemical compounds
can take the form of Rydberg matter.
For example in the Rossi reactor, I now suspect that the ‘secret sauce’
that Rossi tells us catalyzes his reaction is cesium in the form of Rydberg
matter. I say this because of the 400C internal operating temperature range
that Rossi says his reactor operates at.
If this internal operating temperature is actually 500C, then the reactor
may be hot enough for his secret sauce to be potassium based Rydberg matter.
Bob Higgins asked: “With such large orbitals as Rydberg electrons occupy,
how can such a phenomenon be considered inside a nickel lattice?”
Axil answers:
This Rydberg matter never gets inside the lattice of the micro powder. This
complex crystal can grow very large (1). It sits on the surface of the pile of
micro-powder where under the influence of its strong dipole moment, coherent
electrostatic radiation of just the right frequency lowers the coulomb barrier
of the nickel nuclei.
Because this is an electrostatically mediated reaction, only the surface of
the nickel micro-grain is affected. The electromagnetic field cannot penetrate
inside the nickel grain.
But this field does penetrate deeply in and among the various grains of the
pile of powder to generate a maximized reaction with every grain contributing.
The electrostatic radiation of this dipole moment catalyzes the fusion
reaction. In detail, this strong dipole moment lowers this coulomb barrier of
the nuclei of the nickel just enough to allow a entangled proton cooper pair to
tunnel inside the nickel nucleus, but not enough to allow the nickel atoms of
the lattice to fuse.
Micro powder allows for a large surface area relative to the total volume
of nickel. More surface area allows for more cold fusion reaction. This is why
the use of micro powder is a breakthrough in cold fusion technology.
On page 7 of the reference, this aspect of the experiment is revealing:
“In order to complete the story of transformation, we should consider this
problem: where does the transformation take place, either throughout the whole
space of the explosion chamber or only in the plasma channel? To answer this
question, we carried out experiments with uranium salts (uranyl sulfate,
UO2SO4) [3].”
The answer that they found was as follows: throughout the whole space of
the explosion chamber.
This is to be expected because the coherent dipole moment of Rydberg matter
is extremely strong and long ranged. It is like an electromagnetic laser beam
that can exert its influence over a distance of centimeters.
(1) LeClair said he saw the size of one of his crystals as large as a few
centimeters.
On Tue, Mar 20, 2012 at 9:56 AM, Bob Higgins <rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com>
wrote:
Nice posts on the Rydberg effects, Axil. I like reading them. Please
continue posting them. But, I am confused. Could you can help me understand
these questions:
Rydberg hydrogen has a very loosely bound electron. How would these
Rydberg electrons survive high temperature phonon collisions without the atom
becoming ionized and as a result breaking up the condensate?
With such large orbitals as Rydberg electrons occupy, how can such a
phenomenon be considered inside a nickel lattice? The electron orbitals would
extend greater than the nickel lattice spacing. Other condensates are
possible, but why would you think these are Rydberg? While we know that the
LENR appears to happen at the surface, and it also appears to require support
from within the lattice (loading) - so it sounds like some kind of condensate
effect is needed within the lattice.
In the NanoSpire case, it is not clear how the H-O-H-O- crystals that
form are Rydberg. What evidence supports this? They may be some kind of
condensate, but not necessarily Rydberg.
The large dipole moments you describe would certainly make it easy for
the Rydberg atoms to couple to other atoms electronically and form a condensate
from that coupling. However, I don't see how that strong dipole provides
support for the charge evidence that you described from NanoSpire. Can you
explain that a little more?
On Sun, Mar 18, 2012 at 11:03 PM, Axil Axil <janap...@gmail.com> wrote:
Rydberg matter and the leptonic monopol
This post is third in the series on Rydberg matter which includes as
follows:
Cold Fusion Magic Dust
Rydberg matter and cavitation
