Hello, You need to read User's Guide: Understanding AFL part of the tutorial. http://www.amibroker.com/guide/h_understandafl.html
It explains that EVERY result of array arithmetic is also an array. So instead just 1 you have ARRAY of zeros and ones (binary WAVE). You can visualize such array using Plot: Plot( c > ref(c, -2), "Binary Wave", colorRed ); BTW: Ref( C, 2 ) references FUTURE. Ref( C, -2 ) is correct expression for close two bars ago Best regards, Tomasz Janeczko amibroker.com ----- Original Message ----- From: "ozzyapeman" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> To: <[email protected]> Sent: Thursday, August 28, 2008 10:20 PM Subject: [amibroker] Re: The best way to help newbies, oldies, ... and AmiBroker ... > In keeping with the spirit of this thread then....care to explain this > one for me (and I suspect, other newbies): > > " REF(c>ref(c,2),5); says that the close that happened five days > ago has to be higher than the close that happened on the sixth day ago. " > > My current level of understanding says that this part: > > c>ref(c,2) > > Will return a 0 or 1. For e.g., if the current close is greater than > the close of 2 bars ago, this statement is true and therefore "1". > > So the longer expression now becomes: > > REF(1,5); > > Which does not make sense. > > I've read the User's Guide. But obviously missed something on how to > nest a boolean test within the ref function, and have it all make sense. > > --- In [email protected], <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: >> >> Ron, >> >> The examples that you used were perfect. Even I could understand how > they worked and learn how to do things that I wanted to do but didn't > know how to do it. I spent a lot of time using barssince and ref > trying accomplish this. >> >> Thanks, >> Tom >> ----- Original Message ----- >> From: Ronald Davis >> To: [email protected] >> Sent: Thursday, August 28, 2008 11:36 AM >> Subject: Re: [amibroker] Re: The best way to help newbies, oldies, > ... and AmiBroker ... >> >> >> In the very early days of my Amibroker learning curve, The best > help that I >> received was from this board when an experienced user was kind > enough to >> quickly code an example or what I was asking. >> >> Then, I would play with what they had given me, and I started to > understand >> how to use Amibroker. >> >> For example, REF(c>ref(c,2),5); says that the close that happened > five days >> ago has to be higher than the close that happened on the sixth day > ago. >> >> Whereas, SUM(c>ref(c,2),5); only requires that any one or more of the >> closes over the last five days has to be higher than the previous > days >> close. >> >> The above examples of simple english explanations from this board > are how I >> started learning Amibroker. Ron D >> >> ----- Original Message ----- >> From: "Ken Close" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> >> To: <[email protected]> >> Sent: Thursday, August 28, 2008 12:15 PM >> Subject: RE: [amibroker] Re: The best way to help newbies, oldies, > ... and >> AmiBroker ... >> >> > Amen. Amen! AMEN! >> > >> > While Tomasz has done so much to improve and expand the > training/manual >> > since the early days (he really has!), the fact there is continual >> > questions >> > on the same stuff or "small stuff", suggests there is still room > for and >> > benefit from improvement. >> > >> > I am constantly reminded (or remind myself) that Tomasz has to > say "Read >> > the >> > Manual". Some questions are almost obvious that a quick trip to > help >> > would >> > answer the question, but other "simple" questions are not. Many > of us do >> > attempt to find the answers in help but cannot. >> > >> > For example, yesterday, I wanted to know how to make subscripted > arrays. >> > I >> > did not remember that VarGet and VarSet was set up to do this. > So a trip >> > to >> > Help and typing in "subscripted arrays" found 9 entries none of > which led >> > me >> > to VarSet or VarGet. I think one of the improvements would be a > search >> > system which allowed more complex search logic or strings, or > some way to >> > zero in on the specific request. As Tomasz says, it is almost > always in >> > there, it just is hard to find. >> > >> > Ken >> > >> > >> > >> > -----Original Message----- >> > From: [email protected] > [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On >> > Behalf >> > Of Dennis Brown >> > Sent: Thursday, August 28, 2008 11:58 AM >> > To: [email protected] >> > Subject: Re: [amibroker] Re: The best way to help newbies, > oldies, ... and >> > AmiBroker ... >> > >> > Brian, >> > >> > You are correct. I switched to AB because I wanted a programming > language >> > that was fundamentally tied into the realtime price arrays and the >> > charting >> > for the same. RT quotes --> Database --> AFL --> >> > Charts. That was all I wanted, and that is pretty much all I use. >> > There is a lot of overhead associated with getting and > maintaining the >> > data, >> > interacting with the user, and outputting the the data in a > useful form. >> > I >> > only wanted to be concerned with the algorithms that decided to > buy or >> > sell. >> > Interestingly, even with all the support functions handled by > AB, I still >> > spend 80% of my time coding UI things! I think it is some kind of >> > computer >> > programming law. >> > >> > AFL was my real destination with AmiBroker, and I had a hard > time because >> > it >> > was not well defined. A lot of assumptions were made about prior >> > knowledge >> > of specific programming language conventions in C like languages. >> > Languages >> > I had no experience with. These are middle level languages. My >> > experience >> > was with machine level assembler code, and very high level like >> > Revolution/SuperCard/HyperCard, and a >> > smattering of BASIC and APL from the original versions 40 years ago. >> > I had no idea that I was supposed to go learn C syntax before I > could use >> > the AFL documentation. IMHO this is a documentation hole big > enough to >> > drive a truck through. >> > >> > Then what happens when someone has no experience with any > programming >> > language at all. Perhaps some Excel experience, or maybe > experience using >> > a >> > programmable calculator. I can't imagine the bewilderment with > AFL. It >> > takes a lot of handholding from support or this list to get over > the first >> > hump. >> > >> > I believe it would be appropriate to define the AFL language in the >> > documentation as if it were the only language that exists on the > planet. >> > >> > For instance "+" is defined as "Addition". Whereas, in reality > the "+" >> > operator is data type dependent. It will add two numbers, add a > number to >> > every element in an array, add two arrays element by element, or >> > concatenate >> > two strings. It will not add a number or array to a string. >> > >> > As I have suggested before, I would have liked to see a "Complete" >> > listing of all operators, functions, reserved words, syntax > characters, >> > directives, etc., in one live list index that points to a page that >> > explains >> > each one in the same way that the functions are now described. Then >> > additional "see also" pointers on those pages to point to more > in depth >> > documents when available. In fact the current functions list > could simply >> > be expanded to do this. >> > >> > This would have saved me many weeks off the learning curve. >> > >> > I don't know if Howard is planning on doing this in his new > book, but it >> > should be part of the on-line documentation. >> > >> > Best regards, >> > Dennis >> > >> > >> > On Aug 28, 2008, at 10:34 AM, brian_z111 wrote: >> > >> >> I didn't explain myself very well there. >> >> >> >> What I am saying is that I think we are making it harder by not >> >> admitting that it is a programmers program and just getting on with >> >> teaching AFL. >> >> >> >> If anyone held told me that at the start I would have run for > it but >> >> the fact is that the help manual is about 'AmiBroker the > program' but >> >> eventually I came to realise it is all about programming - >> >> specifically AFL. >> >> >> >> So, if I do want to get on with it where do I go? >> >> >> >> The AFL section of the help manual is condensed. >> >> The first few chapters of Howards Book are a basic intro to AB > and the >> >> rest of the book is orientated around SystemDesign & Evaluation? >> >> >> >> Where is the next stop on the AFL line? >> >> >> >> >> >> brian_z >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> --- In [email protected], "brian_z111" <brian_z111@> wrote: >> >>> >> >>> Herman, >> >>> >> >>>> I always figured that sticking with AFL would have provided a > more >> >>>> continuous path for users to develop their programming expertise. >> >>> >> >>> This is a new point, not really discussed much before, I think. >> >>> >> >>> I really don't know how to put it in words but you are so right. >> >>> >> >>> Tomasz should be proud of me because if I am a programmer at all I >> >> am >> >>> an array programmer...... but sometimes I am left reaching for > AFL? >> >>> >> >>> Perhaps there are conventions that people with 2 or more >> >> programming >> >>> languages automatically understand? >> >>> >> >>> Do I have to go and learn C++ as well. >> >>> >> >>> Should I need too? >> >>> >> >>> brian_z >> >>> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> ------------------------------------ >> >> >> >> Please note that this group is for discussion between users only. >> >> >> >> To get support from AmiBroker please send an e-mail directly to >> >> SUPPORT {at} amibroker.com >> >> >> >> For NEW RELEASE ANNOUNCEMENTS and other news always check DEVLOG: >> >> http://www.amibroker.com/devlog/ >> >> >> >> For other support material please check also: >> >> http://www.amibroker.com/support.html >> >> Yahoo! Groups Links >> >> >> >> >> >> >> > >> > >> > ------------------------------------ >> > >> > Please note that this group is for discussion between users only. >> > >> > To get support from AmiBroker please send an e-mail directly to > SUPPORT >> > {at} >> > amibroker.com >> > >> > For NEW RELEASE ANNOUNCEMENTS and other news always check DEVLOG: >> > http://www.amibroker.com/devlog/ >> > >> > For other support material please check also: >> > http://www.amibroker.com/support.html >> > Yahoo! Groups Links >> > >> > >> > >> > >> > ------------------------------------ >> > >> > Please note that this group is for discussion between users only. >> > >> > To get support from AmiBroker please send an e-mail directly to >> > SUPPORT {at} amibroker.com >> > >> > For NEW RELEASE ANNOUNCEMENTS and other news always check DEVLOG: >> > http://www.amibroker.com/devlog/ >> > >> > For other support material please check also: >> > http://www.amibroker.com/support.html >> > Yahoo! Groups Links >> > >> > >> > >> > > > > ------------------------------------ > > Please note that this group is for discussion between users only. > > To get support from AmiBroker please send an e-mail directly to > SUPPORT {at} amibroker.com > > For NEW RELEASE ANNOUNCEMENTS and other news always check DEVLOG: > http://www.amibroker.com/devlog/ > > For other support material please check also: > http://www.amibroker.com/support.html > Yahoo! Groups Links > > >
