Its Java because Android is primarily designed to run Java on the Dalvik 
VM, also arguably with Java there is less rope for developers to hang 
themselves with compared to C, it is also a very popular language compared 
to something like Python or Lua giving Android a bigger developer base. 

XML is ideal for doing layout especially since Android went with the more 
"dynamic" approach where layouts can stretch and fit a particular display 
size / resolution. 

You can make your apps in HTML, CSS and JavaScript but then these are just 
going to run in an embedded web browser and performance generally isnt 
great. 
There is C/C++ through the NDK but generally this is reserved for any heavy 
stuff that the app has to do graphics/game stuff etc, also you pretty much 
have to still use Java for the GUI parts of your app. 

I think the other non Java Android frameworks out there in the end 
cross-compile to Java and C++.

Professional Android 2 Application Development (4 now! ) was the book I 
started with and I think its great also plenty of tutorials out there 
http://www.vogella.com/tutorials.html, and videos 
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE953C0B85B50AB62&feature=plcp

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