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<A HREF="http://www.stratfor.com/crisis/kosovo/special10.htm">Kosovo Crisis -
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Implications of an SA-3 Shoot Down of Stealth
29 March 99 - 0736 GMT

The U.S. Defense Department has thus far refused to comment on how the
F-117 Stealth Fighter might have been shot down over Serbia, however,
speculation has centered around Yugoslavia's SA-3 surface to air missile
batteries. The F-117 wing being shown on Serbian television is peppered
with irregularly sized and spaced holes, suggesting the aircraft was
brought down by shrapnel from a large proximity fuzed warhead. While
this could have resulted from either an air to air missile or large
caliber anti-aircraft artillery, Serb attempts at interception have thus
far ended up as one way trips to the ground and AAA in the
concentrations the Serbs can employ would have had to be very good or
very lucky to bring down the Stealth. This leaves SAMs, and particularly
the SA-3.

The SA-3 is a low to medium altitude SAM, fired from a static launcher.
It has a maximum effective horizontal range of 22-25km and a maximum
effective altitude of 12-18km, depending on the missile variant. Initial
targeting comes from separate, van-mounted long-range radar, which feeds
information to a trailer mounted fire control radar. The missile itself
has a doppler radar proximity fuze. If an SA-3 did down the F-117, it
would indicate that, for the right high-value target, the Serbs are now
willing to utilize the anti-air assets they have until now been
withholding. With three separate radars, the SA-3 in action makes a
bright shiny target for any SEAD mission operating in support of the
F-117 bombing mission.

More interesting than the willingness of the Serbs to use the SA-3 at
this time is the apparent fact that the missile�s fixed launch site was
not previously identified by NATO reconnaissance and destroyed. Of
course, the most interesting feature of this incident is the fact that,
unless a lucky altitude or time-fuzed AAA round or an infrared AAM
downed the F-117, the supposedly radar stealthy aircraft was apparently
destroyed by an active radar guided weapon. There are three possible
explanations of this. First, the Stealth is not invisible to radar, it
just produces a very small radar signature. Maybe it was not small
enough. Second, there have been allegations that the Stealth�s
radar-absorbing paint is ineffective or at least less effective in the
rain � something akin to the invisible man walking through paint.
Finally, Russian scientists recently claimed to have developed a radar
that can detect stealth aircraft. If this is true, and played a role in
the shoot-down, it would mean that Russia is not only violating the arms
embargo against Yugoslavia, but is sending the very latest
state-of-the-art equipment to the Serbs.



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