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As always, Caveat Lector.
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<A HREF="http://www.aci.net/kalliste/">The Home Page of J. Orlin Grabbe</A>
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Information SuperSpyWay

Landmark Ruling on Encryption

by Declan McCullagh

Encryption programs are protected by the First Amendment and can be
freely shipped overseas, a federal appeals court ruled in a landmark
decision Thursday.
Claiming President Clinton's executive order limiting the export of such
software strikes "deep into the heartland of the First Amendment," a 9th
US Circuit Court of Appeals panel ruled 2-1 that the regulation was
unconstitutional. The ruling does not apply to off-the-shelf executable
programs, but only human-readable "source code" instructions.

The long-awaited decision -- which came 18 months after the panel heard
arguments in the case -- is likely to spur the development of
privacy-protecting encryption software, which can shield confidential
email and other messages from prying eyes. US firms have been reluctant
to build these capabilities into products because under Clinton's order,
they can't readily sell it overseas.

"Government efforts to control encryption thus may well implicate not
only the First Amendment rights of cryptographers intent on pushing the
boundaries of their science, but also the constitutional rights of each
of us as potential recipients of encryption's bounty," the majority
said.

Unless the US Justice Department successfully asks the court to hold off
on its ruling, individuals -- and perhaps companies -- in the Ninth
Circuit can now export source code. "Assuming it's not stayed and you
live in California, Washington, or Oregon, you can post source code on
the Internet without fear," says Michael Froomkin, a law professor at
the University of Miami School of Law.

"If this is upheld, we're going to see a lot more cryptographic use
domestically. People are going to start building it into products,"
Froomkin said.

"I am almost speechless," said Tara Lemmey, executive director of the
Electronic Frontier Foundation, which co-sponsored the suit. "It is a
giant step forward in bringing down export controls and it goes further
than any of the legislation that has been talked about so far because
none [of those bills] address the First Amendment issues."

"The reality is that it is not over yet, because it still needs to go
through the Supreme Court," she added.

Wired News, May 6, 1999


Der Fuhrer Invades Yugoslavia

War and Orwell Revisited

Don't doublethink twice, it's all right.

Norman Solomon
e-mail feedback
9/2/98
During the week after U.S. missiles hit sites in Sudan and Afghanistan,
some Americans seemed uncomfortable. A vocal minority even voiced
opposition. But approval was routine among those who had learned a few
easy Orwellian lessons.

When terrorists attack, they're terrorizing. When we attack, we're
retaliating. When they respond to our retaliation with further attacks,
they're terrorizing again. When we respond with further attacks, we're
retaliating again.

When they put bombs in cars and kill people, they're uncivilized
killers. When we put bombs on missiles and kill people, we're upholding
civilized values.

When they kill, they're terrorists. When we kill, we're striking against
terror.

At all times, Americans must be kept fully informed about who to hate
and fear. When the United States found Osama bin Laden useful during the
1980s because of his tenacious violence against the Soviet occupiers in
Afghanistan, he was good, or at least not bad -- but now he's really
bad.

No matter how many times they've lied in the past, U.S. officials are
credible in the present. When they vaguely cite evidence that the bombed
pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum was making ingredients for nerve gas,
that should be good enough for us.

Might doesn't make right -- except in the real world, when it's American
might. Only someone of dubious political orientation would split hairs
about international law.

When the mass media in some foreign countries serve as megaphones for
the rhetoric of their government, the result is ludicrous propaganda.
When the mass media in our country serve as megaphones for the rhetoric
of the U.S. government, the result is responsible journalism.

Unlike the TV anchors spouting the government line in places like Sudan
and Afghanistan, ours don't have to be told what to say. They have the
freedom to report as they choose.

"Circus dogs jump when the trainer cracks his whip," George Orwell
observed, "but the really well-trained dog is the one that turns his
somersault when there is no whip."

Orwell noted that language "becomes ugly and inaccurate because our
thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it
easier for us to have foolish thoughts." And his novel 1984 explained
that "the special function of certain Newspeak words ... was not so much
to express meanings as to destroy them."

National security. Western values. The world community. War against
terrorism. Collateral damage. American interests.

What's so wondrous about Orwellian processes is that they tend to be
very well camouflaged -- part of the normal scenery.

Day in and day out, we take them for granted. And we're apt to stay away
from uncharted mental paths.

In 1984, Orwell wrote about the conditioned reflex of "stopping short,
as though by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought ... and
of being bored or repelled by any train of thought which is capable of
leading in a heretical direction."

Orwell described "doublethink" as the willingness "to forget any fact
that has become inconvenient, and then, when it becomes necessary again,
to draw it back from oblivion for just so long as it is needed."

In his afterword to 1984, Erich Fromm emphasized "the point which is
essential for the understanding of Orwell's book, namely that
'doublethink' is already with us, and not merely something which will
happen in the future, and in dictatorships."

Fifty-two years ago, Orwell wrote an essay titled "Politics and the
English Language." Today, his words remain as relevant as ever: "In our
time, political speech and writing are largely the defense of the
indefensible."

Repression and atrocities "can indeed be defended," Orwell added, "but
only by arguments which are too brutal for most people to face, and
which do not square with the professed aims of political parties. Thus
political language has to consist largely of euphemism, question-begging
and sheer cloudy vagueness."

National security. Western values. The world community. War against
terrorism. Collateral damage. American interests.

[Norman Solomon is a syndicated columnist.]

Metrotimes, Sept. 2, 1998


World Trade

U.S. and Asia Divided Over WTO

The debate over who will be the next World Trade Organization (WTO)
Director-General has further divided Asia from the United States, and
brought accusations of the U.S. turning the WTO into a rich man's club.
At the same time, the U.S. is threatening trade investigations and
actions against several Asian nations, including Japan and South Korea.
The U.S. international economic policy remains inwardly focused on
appeasing domestic lobbies, while at the same time its foreign policy
continues to pursue the role of geopolitical leader. These contrasting
international policies are proving counterproductive to developing
positive relations with Asian nations, and may contribute to the further
regionalization of Asia's economy, rather than U.S.-preferred
globalization.


The decision-making process for choosing the next World Trade
Organization (WTO) Director-General that has been going on for months,
has come down to two candidates: Thai Deputy Prime Minister Supachai
Panitchpakdi and former New Zealand Prime Minister Mike Moore. Despite
the fact that the former WTO head Renato Ruggiero stepped down on April
30, the decision to replace him has already been postponed several
times. Not only has no clear consensus emerged, but also there is an
increased potential for the organization to halt operations temporarily.
Europe and Africa are both divided between the two candidates, although
Europe is leaning toward Moore. Supachai has the backing of Asia and the
Middle East, while Moore has the support of North and South America, wit
h the United States leading the coalition in his favor.

The U.S. decision to back Moore formally was greeted with disappointment
by Thailand, which has been emerging, with U.S. patronage, as a model of
economic reform for Asia. Thailand's disappointment has now turned to
anger, as it accuses the U.S. of stalling the decision-making process to
pull support away from Supachai. The United States' refusal to back
Supachai has raised alarms and accusations from other Asian nations that
the U.S. is splitting the WTO along economic and regional borders,
threatening the efficacy of the organization in the future. The
Executive Director of the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research,
Mohamed Ariff, has said, "This is most unfortunate; it looks like a
North-South divide. By and large developing countries think that many of
these international organizations have been dominated by the North." He
further warned that a failure to accept Supachai as the next WTO
Director-General could lead less developed nations to be unenthusiastic
in implementing WTO policies and decisions.

In Thailand, Senate Speaker Meechai Ruchupan has taken a stronger
stance, saying, "The lesson of the WTO selection is that it's time we
reviewed our foreign policy with all countries, especially the U.S. We
have to see who are our real friends and who are our enemies." Thai
Foreign Ministry Spokesman Don Pramudwinai has cautioned that "If the
selection of the Director- General becomes an increasingly ugly process
then the people concerned have to bear the blame." Don further warned,
"We feel that everyone is starting to have a lack of confidence in the
WTO procedures."

On May 3 at a special meeting of WTO officials, which lasted well into
the night, Ali Mchumo, the Tanzanian ambassador who chairs the
decision-making general council of the WTO, asserted that Panitchpakdi
Supachai is no longer a viable candidate for the post of director
general of the World Trade Organization. "As far as the process of
identifying the most acceptable candidate is concerned, the process is
over for Dr Supachai," he said. Diplomats said Mchumo's comment elicited
surprise from the delegates attending the meeting. The camp favoring
Supachai immediately fought back with delegates abandoning procedure by
arguing out loud their case. "Mchumo's getting a clear answer that
Supachai is not dead," said the Malaysian delegate, speaking on behalf
of the Association of Southeast Asian countries. "Any attempt to impose
a decision on the WTO membership could divide us and, as a consequence,
gravely impair not only our preparations for (the upcoming ministerial
meeting in) Seattle but the entire organization itself." The meeting
deteriorated to such an extent that Mchumo was ultimately forced to
recant his statement before the evening session convened.

However, at approximately the same time as the U.S. was confronting Asia
over the head of the WTO, it issued several warnings to Asian nations at
the end of last week over their trade practices and potential WTO
actions regarding them. The U.S. cited the controversial Super 301 trade
act and the Title VII Buy American law, thereby warning South Korea,
Japan, India, Hong Kong, and Taiwan of potential investigations or, in
some cases, WTO actions over unfair trade practices. China, on the other
hand, was congratulated for implementing "a functioning system capable
of protecting intellectual property rights," particularly in the field
of optical media. This U.S. trade stance has put many Asian nations on
the defensive, causing anti- U.S. sentiments to rise within these
countries.

Concurrent with its domestically focused economic foreign policy (which
is being implemented not only vis-a-vis Asia but also Europe, and
elsewhere as well), the U.S. has been attempting to strengthen its role
as the geopolitical global leader. These two competing goals are working
against each other and, so far, the U.S. has failed to realize either
one. As it tries to build international coalitions and increase its
influence over world events, it is at the same time degrading these
relationships with economic policies bordering on all out protectionism.
What the United States seems to have forgotten is that political
gratitude is often secured by economic generosity. Given NATO's actions
in Yugoslavia, the U.S. and Europe are maintaining only a tenuous hold o
n international cooperation as they seek to avoid the embarrassment of
defeat; however, Asia has no such overriding reason to maintain strong
cooperation with the U.S. Once the war in Yugoslavia ends, U.S. economic
policies may again lead to increased antagonism with Europe and we may
very well see the same patterns as those in Asia emerging.

The economic principles being implemented by the U.S. in Asia, including
its decision not to back Supachai, are becoming counterproductive to
positive U.S.-Asian relations. Only a few months ago, Thailand was
showing signs of becoming a close ally and useful associate of the U.S.
in promoting its international policy in Southeast Asia. Now it is
facing a rise in anti- American sentiments in government circles, while
its labor unions, angry at the IMF-proscribed economic reforms, are
lashing out at the West in general. Even China, after having been
carefully courted to induce economic cooperation, is growing
increasingly concerned by changing U.S. military ties with Japan and the
Philippines, while the Philippines accuses the U.S. of preferring trade
with China over regional security and stability. This tangle will not be
easily undone, particularly given the current distractions in Southern
Europe.

What has become increasingly apparent is that the Asian powers are
expressing, ever more vocally, their antagonism over the U.S. backing of
Moore for the WTO post, over the U.S. threatening trade sanctions while
these countries are in the throes of an economic downturn, and over
IMF-imposed reforms. These issues may ultimately undermine U.S. policy
in that they may push Asia toward a closed regional economic grouping,
over which it may exercise even less influence.

Stratfor Daily Briefing, May 6, 1999
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Aloha, He'Ping,
Om, Shalom, Salaam.
Em Hotep, Peace Be,
Omnia Bona Bonis,
All My Relations.
Adieu, Adios, Aloha.
Amen.
Roads End
Kris

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