Is this B. S.?
 
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Professor Joseph Olson, J.D., LL.M.                                   o-   
651-523-2142  
Hamline University School of Law (MS-D2037)                    f-    
651-523-2236
St. Paul, MN  55113-1235                                                 c-   
612-865-7956
[email protected]                              
http://law.hamline.edu/node/784                      


>>> Eric J.  10/30/2009 6:36 PM >>>
http://www.nber.org/papers/w13097 
Environmental Policy as Social Policy? The Impact of Childhood Lead Exposure on 
Crime
Jessica Wolpaw Reyes
NBER Working Paper No. 13097
May 2007

ABSTRACT
Childhood lead exposure can lead to psychological deficits that are strongly 
associated with aggressive and criminal behavior. In the late 1970s in the 
United States, lead was removed from gasoline under the Clean Air Act. Using 
the sharp state-specific reductions in lead exposure resulting from this 
removal, this article finds that the reduction in childhood lead exposure in 
the late 1970s and early 1980s is responsible for significant declines in 
violent crime in the 1990s, and may cause further declines into the future. The 
elasticity of violent crime with respect to lead is estimated to be 
approximately 0.8. 
 
Jessica Wolpaw Reyes
Department of Economics
Amherst College
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