I was at the German Historical Institute Conference when Stephen gave this paper about 7 years ago; the German and the American scholars familiar with WWII were almost unanimous in thinking it was wrong.   There were far fewer than 550,000 Jews in Germany by 1933; Germany was a considerably smaller place after WWI; and the Austro-Hungarian numbers are rather meaninless, since the empire no longer existed and the number of Jews in Austria were much smaller.  I don't have figures handy, but about half of all Jews left Germany between 1933 adn 1939.  The German Jewish population was really quite small, and even if the small number of Jews had resisted, they would have been crushed quickly;  Most people who are law abiding do not immediately reach for a gun when they do not like a government policy.  The cultural issue is not about Jews being good soldiers or not (the evidence that Halbrook presents that they were implies that is we should not expect Jews to be soldiers, i will decline to explore the motivations for such evidence);.

The cultural issue is that most Jews saw themselves as good German citizens, and obeyed the law.  They could not have imagined, in 1933 oe 1934 what would happen 6 or 7 years later.  But, had all the ablebodied Jewish men in 1933 started fighting the German government, does anyone really believe they would have prevailed?  Or would that have simply been an excuse of the new regime to slaughter all Jews in Germany; indeed, in retrospect the only survival strategy for German Jews was to leave. Many did; more would have if the US, Canada, and Britain had offered them sanctuary.  Many of the young men who did leave, returned to Germany in 1945 in British and American uniforms.

Paul Finkelman
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Paul Finkelman
Chapman Distinguished Professor of Law
University of Tulsa College of Law
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Richard F. Griffiths wrote:

The possibility of armed Jewish resistance to Adolf Hitler is often simply dismissed as a cultural impossibility and as wishful thinking by pro-gun zealots. Yet Steve Halbrook documents in his excellent article, Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews, that the Nazis devoted considerable time and energy to the progressive disarmament of Hitler's political opponents and of the Jews including even their knives and old sabers. 

Were all Jewish men living in Germany so urbanized and unfamiliar with the use of weapons that resistance was simply futile?

If the Jews did serve in the German military during the World War I how many saw combat and what was their record?

Bryan Mark Rigg's work Hitler's Jewish Soldiers provides some answers to these historical questions. 

On page 72 Rigg's states:

" About 10,000 volunteered for duty and over 100,000 out of a total German-Jewish population of 550,000 served during World War I. Some 78 percent saw frontline duty, 12,000 died in battle, over 30,000 received decorations, and 19,000 were promoted. Approximately 2,000 Jews became military officers, and 1,200 became medical officers..."

On page 73

"In the Austrian-Hungarian Empire of the 300,000 Jews who served in World War I, 25,000 were officers; 25,000 died in battle. There were 76 Jewish chaplains, all holding the rank of captain. During the war, 24 Jews attained the ranl of general, 76 received the Gold Medals for bravery, and 22 the Orders of the Iron Crown Third Class..."

On page 74

"Gert Dalberg who volunteered for the Wermacht, mentioned in his application to the University of Berlin that his Jewish father had been a World War I officer and had been decorated with both Iron Crosses, the House of Hohenzollern's Knight's Cross with swords, Turkey's Iron Half-Moon Medal, and Silver Wound Badge. Dalberg's father also had fought against the Communists after World War I in the Freikorps."

According to General von Deimling ...In my corps, the Jews fought as bravely as their Christian comrades and to many of them I presented the Iron Cross."

Rich



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