That's an interesting example because it helps tease apart the measurement of 
flocking. Like "free will", what is that we're pointing to with the phrase 
"flocking"? When the programmer does explicitly implement the Boids protocol, 
they don't implement flocking so much as the alphabet/grammar that will 
generate flocking. But such constructive demonstrations only show one 
generative structure. In order to sample the space of possible generative 
structures, we have to be algorithmic in our specification of the objective 
function "flocking". Then we can at least, if not brute force, largely at 
random falsify as many generative structures as possible and maybe classify 
those that work. At that point, we could explore the classes of structures that 
work and ask which ones are structurally analogous to whatever's available to 
referent birds.

On 4/5/21 8:47 AM, Pieter Steenekamp wrote:
> Let me try and give an example:
> 
> Instead of humans, let's use birds. Then I present to you flocking, nobody 
> knows the algorithm for flocking and we may never know it. Indirectly yes, by 
> using ABM but there the complexity emerges from running the program, the 
> human did not program the algorithm for flocking.

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