Thank you all for the responds, I would say they were rich. I've read
a bit of masternew.pdf, mainly things about data representation, it
helped in some sense. I just remembered how I was struggling with
Maxima. As far as I understood Maxima, uses some kind of lists (s-
expressions?) to represent everything, but I'm not. I would really
appreciate some level of abstraction above this CAS representation to
make it more friendly to human.

I think the reason why expressions are so alien to me is that I'm not
used to reason about math objects as expressions. For me an
"expression" can be almost anything, and mathematical objects I
usually deal with are elements of certain _distinct_ structures. For
example log function is not an expression for me, it rather a function
from one set to another (at least real numbers can act as such set).
And indeed FriCAS supports me in my beliefs:

(13) -> )d op log

There is one exposed function called log :
   [1] D -> D from D if D has ELEMFUN

(13) -> )sh ELEMFUN
 ElementaryFunctionCategory  is a category constructor
 Abbreviation for ElementaryFunctionCategory is ELEMFUN
 This constructor is exposed in this frame.
────────────────────────── Operations
───────────────────────────────────
 ?^? : (%,%) -> %                                            exp : % -
> %
 log : % -> %

Basically it seems ELEMFUN to be just all types where log functions
was defined. Unfortunately firefox couldn't find anything with "elem"
in http://www.axiom-developer.org/axiom-website/bookvol10.2full.svg
How do I figure out what types are contained in
ElementaryFunctionCategory? (well, its a constructor, not a category
itself, but I hope you'll understand what I need). As soon as log has
indeed type of D -> D, how can I prescribe (manually) something
meaningful to D? I mean something used in everyday/applied math ---
algebra structures, various mappings, real numbers etc, but not
expressions:

(13) -> log f

 Function Selection for log
      Arguments: VARIABLE(f)

 [1]  signature:   EXPR(INT) -> EXPR(INT)
      implemented: slot $$ from EXPR(INT)


   (13)  log(f)
                                                 Type:
Expression(Integer)

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