Normally when you have a single computer connected to a cable modem, one
piece of information your computer is communicating to the cable modem
and therefore your ISP is your machines "MAC id" (Hardware address in OS
9). This is a "unique number" to identify your computer over a network.
Some ISP use this to determine if they are providing access to the
correct computer. If they don't see the MAC id they have on file for you
then they do not allow you to access the internet. So if you have more
than one computer connected to a cable modem and you are not suppose to
then you need a way so all communications seem to be coming from the one
MAC id that the ISP knows.

Cable/DSL router are specifically set up to do just that. All cable/DSL
routers that I have seen on there router's DHCP setting allow the entry
of the MAC id that the router will communicate to the cable modem even
though the requests came from perhaps two different computers connected
to the cable/DSL router. Normally in the browser access to the router
you can have it "clone" the MAC id of the machine that you are currently
on.

ISP usually try to guide you to getting hub/switch devices that allow
then to see all of the computers connected in the network and then be
able to charge you more money. The router also serves as internet safety
device since it not just the ISP but others from directly seeing your
computer(s). Any random attacks will hit the router first before it gets
to your computers.









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