Greg et al, Yes, the combination of marine biomass gasification with AWL does offer interesting synergistic potential. To extend this synergistic link even further, the H2 and CO2 can, in turn, be used to cultivate, without light/photosynthesis, even larger volumes of marine biomass through the process of:
REDUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE COUPLED WITH THE OXYHYDROGEN REACTION IN ALGAE <http://jgp.rupress.org/content/26/2/241.full.pdf+html> BY HANS GAFFRON (From the Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago) (Received for publication, July 6, 1942) *"Summarizing these results one can hardly avoid the conclusion that with the exception of the typical light absorption by chlorophyll both photoreduction and dark reduction of carbon dioxide in green algae proceed along the same pathways.". * This serial reuse of the CO2, before sequestration through AWL/sea floor injection/biochar/fertilizer etc., does appear, at the ideation level, to offer a low cost means for both energy production and CO2 sequestration. In that, the '*dark reduction*' method allows for low cost '*dark reactors*' to be submerged and 'stacked' down to the maximum pressure depth tolerated by the micro algae. Corn gives us around 240 gal/yr/ac of fuel. Typical micro algal cultivation gives us around 5K gal/yr/ac. The use of the '*dark reduction*' method within '*dark reactor farms*' makes the use of the acre comparison moot. We can see 50K gal/yr/ac. Thus, micro algal, as opposed to macro algal, cultivation can have a strong advantage over all other forms of biomass production and thus carbon negative fuel. The above is central to the IMBECS Protocol <https://docs.google.com/document/d/1m9VXozADC0IIE6mYx5NsnJLrUvF_fWJN_GyigCzDLn0/edit> technology suite. Best regards, Michael P.S. From the 'ethics view', the above can not be faulted. On Tuesday, September 16, 2014 10:51:07 AM UTC-7, Greg Rau wrote: > > Add CCS or preferably AWL to get C negativity. Figure out a way to > cost-effectively harvest biomass and recycle nutrients, and you might have > something, pending rigorous analysis from our ethics experts. > Greg > Steam co-gasification of brown seaweed and land-based biomass [image: > http://www.sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/DeepDyve_SD.png] > <http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/steam-co-gasification-of-brown-seaweed-and-land-based-biomass-GFow9VzgNi?key=elsevier> > [image: > http://www.sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/gw_rtn_ihub.gif] > <http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378382013003913?showall=true> > DOI: > 10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.12.013 Get rights and content > <https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=ELS&contentID=S0378382013003913&orderBeanReset=true> > > ------------------------------ > Highlights • Excellent self-catalytic effect was found in steam > gasification of seaweed. • More gas was produced from seaweed than > land-based biomass. • Addition of brown seaweed in land-based biomass > promoted gasification rate. > ------------------------------ > Abstract Alkali and alkaline earth species in biomass have > self-catalytic activity on the steam gasification to produce hydrogen-rich > gas. In this study, three types of biomass, i.e., brown seaweed, Japanese > cedar, apple branch containing different concentrations of alkali and > alkaline earth species, and the mix of both of them were gasified with > steam in a fixed-bed reactor under atmospheric pressure. The effects of > reaction temperature, steam amount and mixing ratio in co-gasification on > gas production yields were investigated. The results showed that higher > gas production yields (especially for H2 and CO2) were obtained when the > brown seaweed was used than the other two types of biomass since the ash > content in brown seaweed was much higher than in land-based biomass and > contained a large amount of alkali and alkaline earth species. The yield > of hydrogen increased with an increase in the amount of steam, but > excessive steam use reduced the hydrogen production yield. From the > co-gasification experiments, the gas production yields (especially for H2 and > CO2) from the land-based biomass increased with the increase in brown > seaweed ratio, suggesting that the alkali and alkaline earth species in > brown seaweed acted as the catalysts to enhance the gasification of > land-based biomass in co-gasification process. > ------------------------------ > Graphical abstract [image: Full-size image (32 K)] > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378382013003913#fx1> > Keywords Biomass; Steam gasification; Co-gasification; Seaweed; Alkali > metals; Alkaline earth metals > > > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "geoengineering" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. Visit this group at http://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering. For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
