Dear All, The CH4 increse is measured in ppb (in ppm for CO2) but the trend is not better, considering methane's 20 years GWP: Annual Increase in Globally-Averaged Atmospheric Methane (in ppb): 2013 5.78 2014 12.71 2015 9.51 www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/webdata/ccgg/trends/ch4_trend_gl.pdf
*Two recent open access articles propose feasible methods to deal with GGH:* * to remove CH4, CO2 and tropospheric O3 www.earth-syst-dynam.net/8/1/2017/esd-8-1-2017.pdf * to remove CH4, N2O, CFCs and HCFCs www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360128516300569 All best, Renaud de_Richter 2017-03-19 21:48 GMT+01:00 Emily Lewis-Brown <[email protected]>: > Hi all, > > Please can I offer a paper we published some years ago, which may now need > updating. I hope it helps and is of interest. > It looks in detail at ocean carbon pumps and how a warmer world and higher > CO2 world reduces the sinks. > Best wishes, > Emily Lewis-Brown > > Impacts of the Oceans on Climate Change > > - Philip C. Reid > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#>* > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#af0001> > , † > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#af0002> > , ‡ > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#af0003> > , > - Astrid C. Fischer > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#>* > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#af0001> > , > - Emily Lewis-Brown > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#>§ > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#af0004> > , > - Michael P. Meredith > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#>¶ > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#af0005> > , > - Mike Sparrow > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#>** > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#af0006> > , > - Andreas J. Andersson > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#>†† > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#af0007> > , > - Avan Antia > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#>‡‡ > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#af0008> > , > - Nicholas R. Bates > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#>‡‡ > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#af0008> > , > - Ulrich Bathmann > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#>§§ > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#af0009> > , > - Gregory Beaugrand > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#>* > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#af0001> > , ¶¶ > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014#af0010> > , > > > http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288109560014 > > Chapter 4 especially might be of interest. > > Here is the abstract and reference: > The oceans play a key role in climate regulation especially in part > buffering (neutralising) the effects of increasing levels of greenhouse > gases in the atmosphere and rising global temperatures. This chapter > examines how the regulatory processes performed by the oceans alter as a > response to climate change and assesses the extent to which positive > feedbacks from the ocean may exacerbate climate change. There is clear > evidence for rapid change in the oceans. As the main heat store for the > world there has been an accelerating change in sea temperatures over the > last few decades, which has contributed to rising sea‐level. The oceans are > also the main store of carbon dioxide (CO2), and are estimated to have > taken up ∼40% of anthropogenic-sourced CO2 from the atmosphere since the > beginning of the industrial revolution. A proportion of the carbon uptake > is exported via the four ocean ‘carbon pumps’ (Solubility, Biological, > Continental Shelf and Carbonate Counter) to the deep ocean reservoir. > Increases in sea temperature and changing planktonic systems and ocean > currents may lead to a reduction in the uptake of CO2 by the ocean; some > evidence suggests a suppression of parts of the marine carbon sink is > already underway. While the oceans have buffered climate change through the > uptake of CO2 produced by fossil fuel burning this has already had an > impact on ocean chemistry through ocean acidification and will continue to > do so. Feedbacks to climate change from acidification may result from > expected impacts on marine organisms (especially corals and calcareous > plankton), ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. The polar regions of the > world are showing the most rapid responses to climate change. As a result > of a strong ice–ocean influence, small changes in temperature, salinity and > ice cover may trigger large and sudden changes in regional climate with > potential downstream feedbacks to the climate of the rest of the world. A > warming Arctic Ocean may lead to further releases of the potent greenhouse > gas methane from hydrates and permafrost. The Southern Ocean plays a > critical role in driving, modifying and regulating global climate change > via the carbon cycle and through its impact on adjacent Antarctica. The > Antarctic Peninsula has shown some of the most rapid rises in atmospheric > and oceanic temperature in the world, with an associated retreat of the > majority of glaciers. Parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet are deflating > rapidly, very likely due to a change in the flux of oceanic heat to the > undersides of the floating ice shelves. The final section on modelling > feedbacks from the ocean to climate change identifies limitations and > priorities for model development and associated observations. Considering > the importance of the oceans to climate change and our limited > understanding of climate-related ocean processes, our ability to measure > the changes that are taking place are conspicuously inadequate. The chapter > highlights the need for a comprehensive, adequately funded and globally > extensive ocean observing system to be implemented and sustained as a high > priority. Unless feedbacks from the oceans to climate change are adequately > included in climate change models, it is possible that the mitigation > actions needed to stabilise CO2 and limit temperature rise over the next > century will be underestimated. > Advances in Marine Biology > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/bookseries/00652881> > > Volume 56 > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/bookseries/00652881/56/supp/C>, > 2009, Pages 1–150 > > Advances in Marine Biology > [image: Cover image] > <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/bookseries/00652881/56/supp/C> > > Best wishes, > Emily. > > > From: geo-engineering grp <[email protected]> on behalf of > Mike MacCracken <[email protected]> > Reply-To: Mike MacCracken <[email protected]> > Date: Sunday, 19 March 2017 at 20:28 > To: <[email protected]>, "[email protected]" <[email protected]>, > geo-engineering grp <[email protected]> > > Subject: Re: [geo] Record Increase in Air CO2 > > I'd only add that in your way of thinking, the drain can also get clogged > (e.g., if the rate of ocean overturning is slowed by the warming, which > would also reduce the amount of nutrients coming to the surface, so also > slow the biological pump). This is how one would presumably represent the > increasing atmospheric fraction. > > Mike > > On 3/19/17 2:43 PM, Klaus Lackner wrote: > > This is therefore a good time to educate people. Emissions did not > increase, but the annual rise in CO2 increased. It allows you to explain > that CO2, once put into the air, sticks to it. > > > > I find it amazing that this far more intuitive way of thinking, has been > wiped out by a conceptually much more complex flow model, which in this > case is not even correct. I think you see 30 years of education of acid > rain misapplied to CO2. It seems much more intuitive to consider a bathtub > filling up in response to an open faucet than to consider the faucet being > in equilibrium with a drain, and that the drain rate increases with > increased fill, and that therefore a particular filling rate from the > faucet is associated with a particular level in the tub. Note that having > a drain is not enough. If the drain rate is independent of the fill rate, > raising the flow rate from the faucet will lead to a continuous and > unabated rise. > > > > A sudden increase in the CO2 level in the atmosphere, will increase the > drain rate, but the drain rate slows down as the layer in equilibrium gets > thicker. One way of looking at it is to consider the CO2 emission rate > that holds CO2 in the air constant. It drops rapidly over time, even if > instantly it might be 50% of current emissions. > > > > Once this is understood, we can begin to worry why the fraction of CO2 > that goes out of the atmosphere seems to shrink. > > > > Klaus > > > > > > > > > > *From: *<[email protected]> > <[email protected]> on behalf of Michael MacCracken > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > *Reply-To: *"[email protected]" <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > *Date: *Sunday, March 19, 2017 at 9:30 AM > *To: *"[email protected]" <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]>, "[email protected]" > <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> > *Subject: *Re: [geo] Record Increase in Air CO2 > > > > I'd guess what they meant was that global emissions were about the same (I > think the Global Carbon Project report has indicated this). There is this > serious misperception that if emissions don't go up, concentrations won't > go up, and so all we have to do is stop growth in emissions. > > Mike > > > > On 3/19/17 6:39 AM, Stephen Salter wrote: > > Hi All > > The Financial Times story was about reported emissions and the NOAA report > was about atmospheric measurements. > > Perhaps reports have been tweeked or CO2 sinks have become less effective. > > Stephen > > > > On 19/03/2017 09:16, 'Robert Tulip' via geoengineering wrote: > > The International Energy Agency and Financial Times are claiming the > opposite. > > > > [image: mage removed by sender.]https://www.ft.com/content/ > 540ebb0c-0a60-11e7-ac5a-903b21361b43 > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.ft.com_content_540ebb0c-2D0a60-2D11e7-2Dac5a-2D903b21361b43&d=DQMFaQ&c=AGbYxfJbXK67KfXyGqyv2Ejiz41FqQuZFk4A-1IxfAU&r=WGnYI4fX8RG4vRYEgQ58RGqZxcDNS0ar5UCuy0zW9_A&m=1XTqe1Tj9N1WDBwpI1xrET0_dSN1aGigUbf-P2HBlKA&s=voxC__g9yDWN1GEoQFBwJhy7RzJDOuKk6fbD1xxT5Qk&e=> > makes > the false claim of "global CO2 levels in 2016 virtually unchanged from > the two previous years, the International Energy Agency said." > > > > Robert Tulip > > > ------------------------------ > > *From:* Greg Rau <[email protected]> <[email protected]> > *To:* Geoengineering <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> > *Cc:* Arctic Methane Google Group <[email protected]> > <[email protected]> > *Sent:* Wednesday, 15 March 2017, 5:41 > *Subject:* [geo] Record Increase in Air CO2 > > > > [image: mage removed by sender.]https://phys.org/news/2017-03- > carbon-dioxide-rose-pace-2nd.html > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__phys.org_news_2017-2D03-2Dcarbon-2Ddioxide-2Drose-2Dpace-2D2nd.html&d=DQMFaQ&c=AGbYxfJbXK67KfXyGqyv2Ejiz41FqQuZFk4A-1IxfAU&r=WGnYI4fX8RG4vRYEgQ58RGqZxcDNS0ar5UCuy0zW9_A&m=1XTqe1Tj9N1WDBwpI1xrET0_dSN1aGigUbf-P2HBlKA&s=56Uwd9giBhr2nR874l_BTRPgGwYyaldo16YgoMS3WFI&e=> > > > > "The two-year, 6-ppm surge in the [image: mage removed by sender.]greenhouse > gas > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__phys.org_tags_greenhouse-2Bgas_&d=DQMFaQ&c=AGbYxfJbXK67KfXyGqyv2Ejiz41FqQuZFk4A-1IxfAU&r=WGnYI4fX8RG4vRYEgQ58RGqZxcDNS0ar5UCuy0zW9_A&m=1XTqe1Tj9N1WDBwpI1xrET0_dSN1aGigUbf-P2HBlKA&s=p17Mhe5V35B8Fwaocrle0YjCrtc2BAW3qaw51yOGojI&e=> > between > 2015 and 2017 is unprecedented in the observatory's 59-year record. And, it > was a record fifth consecutive year that [image: mage removed by > sender.]carbon > dioxide > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__phys.org_tags_carbon-2Bdioxide_&d=DQMFaQ&c=AGbYxfJbXK67KfXyGqyv2Ejiz41FqQuZFk4A-1IxfAU&r=WGnYI4fX8RG4vRYEgQ58RGqZxcDNS0ar5UCuy0zW9_A&m=1XTqe1Tj9N1WDBwpI1xrET0_dSN1aGigUbf-P2HBlKA&s=niGg254pva38LfUM5ftQJZ6GJtj1oCGqe2gTQ9ujXE4&e=> > (CO2) > rose by 2 ppm or greater, said Pieter Tans, lead scientist of NOAA's Global > Greenhouse Gas Reference Network." > > > > GR - If anthro emissions have plateaued, [image: mage removed by sender.] > https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/nov/14/ > fossil-fuel-co2-emissions-nearly-stable-for-third-year-in-row > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.theguardian.com_environment_2016_nov_14_fossil-2Dfuel-2Dco2-2Demissions-2Dnearly-2Dstable-2Dfor-2Dthird-2Dyear-2Din-2Drow&d=DQMFaQ&c=AGbYxfJbXK67KfXyGqyv2Ejiz41FqQuZFk4A-1IxfAU&r=WGnYI4fX8RG4vRYEgQ58RGqZxcDNS0ar5UCuy0zW9_A&m=1XTqe1Tj9N1WDBwpI1xrET0_dSN1aGigUbf-P2HBlKA&s=V6xqM6Rxn8ba-ULIDLR5ciVuybmcsprej9AE6Nsxcpw&e=> > why > the dramatic increase in CO2? A runaway GH is upon us? Anyway, is it time > yet to admit that anthro emissions reduction is failing and to find out if > CDR is more than a figment of IPCC's imagination? > > > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "geoengineering" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > Visit this group at [image: mage removed by sender.] > https://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__groups.google.com_group_geoengineering&d=DQMFaQ&c=AGbYxfJbXK67KfXyGqyv2Ejiz41FqQuZFk4A-1IxfAU&r=WGnYI4fX8RG4vRYEgQ58RGqZxcDNS0ar5UCuy0zW9_A&m=1XTqe1Tj9N1WDBwpI1xrET0_dSN1aGigUbf-P2HBlKA&s=Y1WuJW7A_rdJiYJoQXAZRzQ989lrGOV1L9YJ_Mxu0jY&e=> > . > For more options, visit [image: mage removed by sender.] > https://groups.google.com/d/optout > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__groups.google.com_d_optout&d=DQMFaQ&c=AGbYxfJbXK67KfXyGqyv2Ejiz41FqQuZFk4A-1IxfAU&r=WGnYI4fX8RG4vRYEgQ58RGqZxcDNS0ar5UCuy0zW9_A&m=1XTqe1Tj9N1WDBwpI1xrET0_dSN1aGigUbf-P2HBlKA&s=CKEe5dbyxrjTEC8nqCJSG5P7CdoA1XxMkGPrMJmjAvw&e=> > . > > > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "geoengineering" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__groups.google.com_group_geoengineering&d=DQMFaQ&c=AGbYxfJbXK67KfXyGqyv2Ejiz41FqQuZFk4A-1IxfAU&r=WGnYI4fX8RG4vRYEgQ58RGqZxcDNS0ar5UCuy0zW9_A&m=1XTqe1Tj9N1WDBwpI1xrET0_dSN1aGigUbf-P2HBlKA&s=Y1WuJW7A_rdJiYJoQXAZRzQ989lrGOV1L9YJ_Mxu0jY&e=> > . > For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__groups.google.com_d_optout&d=DQMFaQ&c=AGbYxfJbXK67KfXyGqyv2Ejiz41FqQuZFk4A-1IxfAU&r=WGnYI4fX8RG4vRYEgQ58RGqZxcDNS0ar5UCuy0zW9_A&m=1XTqe1Tj9N1WDBwpI1xrET0_dSN1aGigUbf-P2HBlKA&s=CKEe5dbyxrjTEC8nqCJSG5P7CdoA1XxMkGPrMJmjAvw&e=> > . > > > > -- > > Emeritus Professor of Engineering Design. > > School of Engineering, > > University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, Scotland > > [email protected], Tel +44 (0)131 650 5704 <+44%20131%20650%205704>, Cell > 07795 203 195, > > WWW.homepages.ed.ac.uk/shs > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__WWW.homepages.ed.ac.uk_shs&d=DQMFaQ&c=AGbYxfJbXK67KfXyGqyv2Ejiz41FqQuZFk4A-1IxfAU&r=WGnYI4fX8RG4vRYEgQ58RGqZxcDNS0ar5UCuy0zW9_A&m=1XTqe1Tj9N1WDBwpI1xrET0_dSN1aGigUbf-P2HBlKA&s=whmx6PNNYfCPuJvI8r5rvymgdr7_HbBKRNnkRJ748L8&e=>, > > YouTube Jamie Taylor Power for Change > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "geoengineering" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__groups.google.com_group_geoengineering&d=DQMFaQ&c=AGbYxfJbXK67KfXyGqyv2Ejiz41FqQuZFk4A-1IxfAU&r=WGnYI4fX8RG4vRYEgQ58RGqZxcDNS0ar5UCuy0zW9_A&m=1XTqe1Tj9N1WDBwpI1xrET0_dSN1aGigUbf-P2HBlKA&s=Y1WuJW7A_rdJiYJoQXAZRzQ989lrGOV1L9YJ_Mxu0jY&e=> > . > For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__groups.google.com_d_optout&d=DQMFaQ&c=AGbYxfJbXK67KfXyGqyv2Ejiz41FqQuZFk4A-1IxfAU&r=WGnYI4fX8RG4vRYEgQ58RGqZxcDNS0ar5UCuy0zW9_A&m=1XTqe1Tj9N1WDBwpI1xrET0_dSN1aGigUbf-P2HBlKA&s=CKEe5dbyxrjTEC8nqCJSG5P7CdoA1XxMkGPrMJmjAvw&e=> > . > > > > The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in > > Scotland, with registration number SC005336. > > > > > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "geoengineering" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__groups.google.com_group_geoengineering&d=DQMFaQ&c=AGbYxfJbXK67KfXyGqyv2Ejiz41FqQuZFk4A-1IxfAU&r=WGnYI4fX8RG4vRYEgQ58RGqZxcDNS0ar5UCuy0zW9_A&m=1XTqe1Tj9N1WDBwpI1xrET0_dSN1aGigUbf-P2HBlKA&s=Y1WuJW7A_rdJiYJoQXAZRzQ989lrGOV1L9YJ_Mxu0jY&e=> > . > For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout > <https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__groups.google.com_d_optout&d=DQMFaQ&c=AGbYxfJbXK67KfXyGqyv2Ejiz41FqQuZFk4A-1IxfAU&r=WGnYI4fX8RG4vRYEgQ58RGqZxcDNS0ar5UCuy0zW9_A&m=1XTqe1Tj9N1WDBwpI1xrET0_dSN1aGigUbf-P2HBlKA&s=CKEe5dbyxrjTEC8nqCJSG5P7CdoA1XxMkGPrMJmjAvw&e=> > . > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "geoengineering" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering. > For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout. > > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "geoengineering" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering. > For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout. > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "geoengineering" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. > Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering. > For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout. > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "geoengineering" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/geoengineering. For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout.
