Dear Olaf,
Olivine sand spread over land or in shallow seas reacts with CO2 by
generation of MgCO3, or dissolved MgH(CO3)2. According to several
reasons the igneous ocean crust is much more efficient in production of
carbonate rock by CO2 fixation:
Olivine containing crust rocks becomes transformed by the warmed up
ocean water by heat generation and volume expansion into serpentine
rock, magnetite and hydrogen. Hydrogen and its microbial reaction
product methane react with the ocean water sulfate by generation of
sulfide. This again increases the pH and initiates additional carbonate
rock precipitation from seawater CO2 and HCO3-.The elevated temperatures
of the solidified igneous rock and generated by the serpentinization
reaction induce further precipitation of carbonate rock from dissolved
CO2 and HCO3-.The volume expansion during the serpentinization reaction
as well as the sudden cooling by contact of hot stone with cold ocean
water induce lots of cracks and opens countless vains as new reaction
sites and places for carbonate precipitationThis increases and optimizes
the carbonate precipitation: without any additional CO2 producing
artificial energy input which is necessary to crush peridotites,
serpentinites, diabases or olivine-rich basaltes to induce artificial
weathering
According to Rausch et al. (2013) the carbonate rock generated within
the veins of crust rock from ocean water rock reaction is about 1.6
vol.%. According to Li et al. (2016) the production rate of crust rock
is recently at about 20 cubic kilometers per year. This responds to
about 0,32 cubic kilometers new carbonate rock per year. After the
reaction with ocean water and assuming a dolomite like composition of
the precipitating carbonate rock in the veins and assuming a carbonate
rock density of 2.9 x 10 exp. 9 t/cubic kilometer this corresponds to
about 0,93 x 10 exp. 9 t of dolomite or 0,12 x 10 exp. 9 t of carbon.
According to this result an equivalent mass of CO2 is absorbed every
year by extraction of CO2 from the air by ocean water and HCO3- by
surface water run-off into the ocean and becomes transported from the
ocean surface by the vertical cycling ocean currents to the ocean
bottom. Even a great part of the dead phytoplankton and further food
chain litter produced at the ocean surface becomes reoxidized on its way
down: this part of CO2 and/or HCO3- even becomes part of the
carbonatized ocean crust.
Literature
Li M, Black B, Zhong S, Manga M, Rudolph ML, Olson P, 2016: Quantifiying
melt production and degassing rate at mid-ocean ridges from global
mantle convection models with plate motion history. Geochemistry,
Geophysics, Geosystems, 17(7), 2884-2904.
Rausch S, Böhm F, Bach W, Eisenhauer A, 2013: Calcium carbonate veins in
ocean crust record a threefold increase of seawater Mg/Ca in the past 30
Million years. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 362, 215-224.
Franz
------ Originalnachricht ------
Von: "Schuiling, R.D. (Olaf)" <[email protected]>
An: "'[email protected]'" <[email protected]>
Gesendet: 09.05.2017 10:14:20
Betreff: RE: [geo] Beyond Carbon Neutral UMich
How do you know that activation of the vertical oceanic currents is the
most effective? I think that weathering of olivine sand that is spread
over land or in shallow seas is much more effective, Olaf Schuiling
From:[email protected]
[mailto:[email protected]] On Behalf Of Franz Dietrich
Oeste
Sent: dinsdag 9 mei 2017 9:50
To:[email protected]; [email protected]
Subject: Re: [geo] Beyond Carbon Neutral UMich
This "Beyond Carbon Neutral" multidisciplinary research initiative
shall "increase the rate at which carbon is removed from the global
carbon cycle".
This is impossible: any removal of carbon from the global carbon cycle
is impossible - except the carbon would be placed outside of the globe.
What only can be done is the activation of carbon transfer from
atmosphere back into the geosphere. Direct and sustainable carbon
transfer from the atmosphere into the geosphere is possible for
instance by the Terra Preta method. But the most efficient method to do
this is the activation of the vertical oceanic currents as carbon
transport medium between atmosphere and ocean sediment and/or the
igneous ocean crust aquifer, for instance by the ISA method.
Franz
------ Originalnachricht ------
Von: "Andrew Lockley" <[email protected]>
An: [email protected]
<mailto:[email protected]>
Gesendet: 09.05.2017 01:19:13
Betreff: [geo] Beyond Carbon Neutral UMich
http://beyondcarbonneutral.org/
· BEYOND CARBON NEUTRAL
Climate change is a defining challenge of the 21st Century. To address
it, we must deploy a diverse set of solutions to minimize or reverse
global warming and adapt to its impacts. To complement existing
efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the University of
Michigan Energy Institute is developing a new initiative called Beyond
Carbon Neutral. This multidisciplinary research effort investigates
technologies, processes and policies to increase the rate at which
carbon is removed from the global carbon cycle.
Why “Beyond” Carbon Neutral?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from fossil fuel use is the largest
source of anthropogenic GHG emissions that are warming the earth’s
atmosphere, and a range of critical efforts are currently underway to
reduce emissions from these sources. However, long-term climate
stabilization goals such as those announced in 2015 in Paris will be
difficult, if not impossible, to achieve with these solutions alone.
Enter Beyond Carbon Neutral, which supports research on carbon dioxide
removal (CDR), approaches that increases the rate at which CO2 is
removed from the atmosphere. This CO2 can then be converted into
carbon-based materials that are either sequestered or substituted for
fossil carbon. Sometimes called “negative emissions,” what
distinguishes CDR is that its aim is not merely to achieve carbon
neutrality, but rather to greatly increase the rate of negative
emissions through mechanisms that go Beyond Carbon Neutral.
What is carbon dioxide removal?
A well-known example of CDR is reforestation, which can increase the
rate of CO2 uptake for decades. Others include agricultural practices
that increase soil carbon uptake and other forms of terrestrial carbon
management. If productive lands are appropriately managed, bioenergy
with carbon capture and storage is a possible CDR mechanism. A range
of advanced technologies can also be developed to further expand CDR
capability. Beyond Carbon Neutral supports research into each of these
areas, examining ways to increase carbon uptake, as well as methods
for storing and utilizing excess carbon.
Beyond Carbon Neutral at the University of Michigan
Why U-M?
Beyond Carbon Neutral is designed to take the necessary steps to
develop this crucial area and raise its profile for action at local
and global levels.
The Energy Institute has worked with over 60 faculty to develop more
than 45 inventive research proposals investigating different aspects
of CDR. These research activities fall into three overlapping areas:
the biosphere, technology, and human systems. Some Beyond Carbon
Neutral research activities fall clearly into one research area, while
others bridge the conceptual divides that too often limit the scope
and ambition of academic research
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