Jefffrey commented on code in PR #20928:
URL: https://github.com/apache/datafusion/pull/20928#discussion_r3378158154


##########
datafusion/spark/src/function/string/concat_ws.rs:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+//! Spark-compatible `concat_ws`: joins strings (and array elements) with a 
separator.
+//!
+//! Null scalar args and null array elements are skipped; a null separator 
yields a
+//! null row. Non-string args are coerced to STRING; list args (`List`, 
`LargeList`,
+//! `ListView`, `LargeListView`, `FixedSizeList`) expand their elements.
+//!
+//! Differences with DataFusion core `concat_ws`:
+//! - Accepts list arguments and expands their elements
+//! - Always returns Utf8 (Spark's `STRING` type)
+//! - Coerces non-string scalars (numbers, booleans, dates, ...) to Utf8
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use arrow::array::{
+    Array, ArrayRef, AsArray, GenericListArray, LargeStringArray, 
OffsetSizeTrait,
+    StringArray, StringBuilder, StringViewArray,
+};
+use arrow::datatypes::DataType;
+use datafusion_common::{Result, ScalarValue};
+use datafusion_expr::{
+    ColumnarValue, ScalarFunctionArgs, ScalarUDFImpl, Signature, Volatility,
+};
+
+use crate::function::error_utils::{
+    invalid_arg_count_exec_err, unsupported_data_type_exec_err,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct SparkConcatWs {
+    signature: Signature,
+}
+
+impl Default for SparkConcatWs {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl SparkConcatWs {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            signature: Signature::user_defined(Volatility::Immutable),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ScalarUDFImpl for SparkConcatWs {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "concat_ws"
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> &Signature {
+        &self.signature
+    }
+
+    fn return_type(&self, _arg_types: &[DataType]) -> Result<DataType> {
+        Ok(DataType::Utf8)
+    }
+
+    fn coerce_types(&self, arg_types: &[DataType]) -> Result<Vec<DataType>> {
+        if arg_types.is_empty() {
+            return Err(invalid_arg_count_exec_err("concat_ws", (1, i32::MAX), 
0));
+        }
+        Ok(arg_types
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, dt)| match dt {
+                DataType::Utf8 | DataType::LargeUtf8 | DataType::Utf8View => 
dt.clone(),
+                // Non-separator list args expand their elements at runtime;
+                // normalize list variants so the kernel only sees 
List/LargeList.
+                DataType::List(f)
+                | DataType::ListView(f)
+                | DataType::FixedSizeList(f, _)
+                    if i > 0 =>
+                {
+                    DataType::List(Arc::clone(f))
+                }
+                DataType::LargeList(f) | DataType::LargeListView(f) if i > 0 
=> {
+                    DataType::LargeList(Arc::clone(f))
+                }
+                // Spark casts everything else (numbers, booleans, dates,
+                // binary, null...) to STRING.
+                _ => DataType::Utf8,
+            })
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    fn invoke_with_args(&self, args: ScalarFunctionArgs) -> 
Result<ColumnarValue> {
+        // Only separator provided → empty string (or NULL if separator is 
null).
+        // Arg-count validation happens in coerce_types at planning time.
+        if args.args.len() == 1 {
+            return only_separator(&args.args[0]);
+        }
+
+        spark_concat_ws(&args.args, args.number_rows)
+    }
+}
+
+fn only_separator(sep: &ColumnarValue) -> Result<ColumnarValue> {
+    match sep {
+        ColumnarValue::Scalar(s) if s.is_null() => {
+            Ok(ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(None)))
+        }
+        ColumnarValue::Scalar(_) => 
Ok(ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(Some(
+            String::new(),
+        )))),
+        ColumnarValue::Array(arr) => {
+            let mut builder = StringBuilder::with_capacity(arr.len(), 0);
+            for row_idx in 0..arr.len() {
+                if arr.is_null(row_idx) {
+                    builder.append_null();
+                } else {
+                    builder.append_value("");
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(ColumnarValue::Array(Arc::new(builder.finish()) as ArrayRef))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn spark_concat_ws(args: &[ColumnarValue], num_rows: usize) -> 
Result<ColumnarValue> {
+    let arrays = ColumnarValue::values_to_arrays(args)?;
+
+    // Untyped-NULL separator → every row is NULL. Returning a scalar is 
enough;
+    // the framework broadcasts it to `num_rows` nulls when needed.
+    if *arrays[0].data_type() == DataType::Null {

Review Comment:
   i dont think this is possible, since in `coerce_types` any `DataType::Null` 
is cast to `DataType::Utf8`



##########
datafusion/spark/src/function/string/concat_ws.rs:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+//! Spark-compatible `concat_ws`: joins strings (and array elements) with a 
separator.
+//!
+//! Null scalar args and null array elements are skipped; a null separator 
yields a
+//! null row. Non-string args are coerced to STRING; list args (`List`, 
`LargeList`,
+//! `ListView`, `LargeListView`, `FixedSizeList`) expand their elements.
+//!
+//! Differences with DataFusion core `concat_ws`:
+//! - Accepts list arguments and expands their elements
+//! - Always returns Utf8 (Spark's `STRING` type)
+//! - Coerces non-string scalars (numbers, booleans, dates, ...) to Utf8
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use arrow::array::{
+    Array, ArrayRef, AsArray, GenericListArray, LargeStringArray, 
OffsetSizeTrait,
+    StringArray, StringBuilder, StringViewArray,
+};
+use arrow::datatypes::DataType;
+use datafusion_common::{Result, ScalarValue};
+use datafusion_expr::{
+    ColumnarValue, ScalarFunctionArgs, ScalarUDFImpl, Signature, Volatility,
+};
+
+use crate::function::error_utils::{
+    invalid_arg_count_exec_err, unsupported_data_type_exec_err,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct SparkConcatWs {
+    signature: Signature,
+}
+
+impl Default for SparkConcatWs {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl SparkConcatWs {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            signature: Signature::user_defined(Volatility::Immutable),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ScalarUDFImpl for SparkConcatWs {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "concat_ws"
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> &Signature {
+        &self.signature
+    }
+
+    fn return_type(&self, _arg_types: &[DataType]) -> Result<DataType> {
+        Ok(DataType::Utf8)
+    }
+
+    fn coerce_types(&self, arg_types: &[DataType]) -> Result<Vec<DataType>> {
+        if arg_types.is_empty() {
+            return Err(invalid_arg_count_exec_err("concat_ws", (1, i32::MAX), 
0));
+        }
+        Ok(arg_types
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, dt)| match dt {
+                DataType::Utf8 | DataType::LargeUtf8 | DataType::Utf8View => 
dt.clone(),
+                // Non-separator list args expand their elements at runtime;
+                // normalize list variants so the kernel only sees 
List/LargeList.
+                DataType::List(f)
+                | DataType::ListView(f)
+                | DataType::FixedSizeList(f, _)
+                    if i > 0 =>
+                {
+                    DataType::List(Arc::clone(f))
+                }
+                DataType::LargeList(f) | DataType::LargeListView(f) if i > 0 
=> {
+                    DataType::LargeList(Arc::clone(f))
+                }
+                // Spark casts everything else (numbers, booleans, dates,
+                // binary, null...) to STRING.
+                _ => DataType::Utf8,
+            })
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    fn invoke_with_args(&self, args: ScalarFunctionArgs) -> 
Result<ColumnarValue> {
+        // Only separator provided → empty string (or NULL if separator is 
null).
+        // Arg-count validation happens in coerce_types at planning time.
+        if args.args.len() == 1 {
+            return only_separator(&args.args[0]);
+        }
+
+        spark_concat_ws(&args.args, args.number_rows)
+    }
+}
+
+fn only_separator(sep: &ColumnarValue) -> Result<ColumnarValue> {
+    match sep {
+        ColumnarValue::Scalar(s) if s.is_null() => {
+            Ok(ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(None)))
+        }
+        ColumnarValue::Scalar(_) => 
Ok(ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(Some(
+            String::new(),
+        )))),
+        ColumnarValue::Array(arr) => {
+            let mut builder = StringBuilder::with_capacity(arr.len(), 0);
+            for row_idx in 0..arr.len() {
+                if arr.is_null(row_idx) {
+                    builder.append_null();
+                } else {
+                    builder.append_value("");
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(ColumnarValue::Array(Arc::new(builder.finish()) as ArrayRef))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn spark_concat_ws(args: &[ColumnarValue], num_rows: usize) -> 
Result<ColumnarValue> {
+    let arrays = ColumnarValue::values_to_arrays(args)?;
+
+    // Untyped-NULL separator → every row is NULL. Returning a scalar is 
enough;
+    // the framework broadcasts it to `num_rows` nulls when needed.
+    if *arrays[0].data_type() == DataType::Null {
+        return Ok(ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(None)));
+    }
+
+    let sep_view = StringView::try_new(&arrays[0])?;
+    let arg_views: Vec<ArgView> = arrays[1..]
+        .iter()
+        .map(ArgView::try_new)
+        .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
+
+    let mut builder = StringBuilder::with_capacity(num_rows, num_rows * 16);
+    let mut buf = String::new();

Review Comment:
   instead of having a separate `buf`, we could try writing directly into 
`builder`, e.g.
   
   ```rust
       builder.write_str("a").unwrap(); // not fallible, can check the arrow 
code to confirm this
       builder.write_str("b").unwrap();
       builder.append_value(""); // to finish it (add offset + validity)
   ```



##########
datafusion/spark/src/function/string/concat_ws.rs:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+//! Spark-compatible `concat_ws`: joins strings (and array elements) with a 
separator.
+//!
+//! Null scalar args and null array elements are skipped; a null separator 
yields a
+//! null row. Non-string args are coerced to STRING; list args (`List`, 
`LargeList`,
+//! `ListView`, `LargeListView`, `FixedSizeList`) expand their elements.
+//!
+//! Differences with DataFusion core `concat_ws`:
+//! - Accepts list arguments and expands their elements
+//! - Always returns Utf8 (Spark's `STRING` type)
+//! - Coerces non-string scalars (numbers, booleans, dates, ...) to Utf8
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use arrow::array::{
+    Array, ArrayRef, AsArray, GenericListArray, LargeStringArray, 
OffsetSizeTrait,
+    StringArray, StringBuilder, StringViewArray,
+};
+use arrow::datatypes::DataType;
+use datafusion_common::{Result, ScalarValue};
+use datafusion_expr::{
+    ColumnarValue, ScalarFunctionArgs, ScalarUDFImpl, Signature, Volatility,
+};
+
+use crate::function::error_utils::{
+    invalid_arg_count_exec_err, unsupported_data_type_exec_err,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct SparkConcatWs {
+    signature: Signature,
+}
+
+impl Default for SparkConcatWs {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl SparkConcatWs {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            signature: Signature::user_defined(Volatility::Immutable),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ScalarUDFImpl for SparkConcatWs {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "concat_ws"
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> &Signature {
+        &self.signature
+    }
+
+    fn return_type(&self, _arg_types: &[DataType]) -> Result<DataType> {
+        Ok(DataType::Utf8)
+    }
+
+    fn coerce_types(&self, arg_types: &[DataType]) -> Result<Vec<DataType>> {
+        if arg_types.is_empty() {
+            return Err(invalid_arg_count_exec_err("concat_ws", (1, i32::MAX), 
0));
+        }
+        Ok(arg_types
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, dt)| match dt {
+                DataType::Utf8 | DataType::LargeUtf8 | DataType::Utf8View => 
dt.clone(),
+                // Non-separator list args expand their elements at runtime;
+                // normalize list variants so the kernel only sees 
List/LargeList.
+                DataType::List(f)
+                | DataType::ListView(f)
+                | DataType::FixedSizeList(f, _)
+                    if i > 0 =>
+                {
+                    DataType::List(Arc::clone(f))
+                }
+                DataType::LargeList(f) | DataType::LargeListView(f) if i > 0 
=> {
+                    DataType::LargeList(Arc::clone(f))
+                }
+                // Spark casts everything else (numbers, booleans, dates,
+                // binary, null...) to STRING.
+                _ => DataType::Utf8,
+            })
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    fn invoke_with_args(&self, args: ScalarFunctionArgs) -> 
Result<ColumnarValue> {
+        // Only separator provided → empty string (or NULL if separator is 
null).
+        // Arg-count validation happens in coerce_types at planning time.
+        if args.args.len() == 1 {
+            return only_separator(&args.args[0]);
+        }
+
+        spark_concat_ws(&args.args, args.number_rows)
+    }
+}
+
+fn only_separator(sep: &ColumnarValue) -> Result<ColumnarValue> {
+    match sep {
+        ColumnarValue::Scalar(s) if s.is_null() => {
+            Ok(ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(None)))
+        }
+        ColumnarValue::Scalar(_) => 
Ok(ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(Some(
+            String::new(),
+        )))),
+        ColumnarValue::Array(arr) => {
+            let mut builder = StringBuilder::with_capacity(arr.len(), 0);
+            for row_idx in 0..arr.len() {
+                if arr.is_null(row_idx) {
+                    builder.append_null();
+                } else {
+                    builder.append_value("");
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(ColumnarValue::Array(Arc::new(builder.finish()) as ArrayRef))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn spark_concat_ws(args: &[ColumnarValue], num_rows: usize) -> 
Result<ColumnarValue> {
+    let arrays = ColumnarValue::values_to_arrays(args)?;
+
+    // Untyped-NULL separator → every row is NULL. Returning a scalar is 
enough;
+    // the framework broadcasts it to `num_rows` nulls when needed.
+    if *arrays[0].data_type() == DataType::Null {
+        return Ok(ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(None)));
+    }
+
+    let sep_view = StringView::try_new(&arrays[0])?;
+    let arg_views: Vec<ArgView> = arrays[1..]
+        .iter()
+        .map(ArgView::try_new)
+        .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
+
+    let mut builder = StringBuilder::with_capacity(num_rows, num_rows * 16);
+    let mut buf = String::new();
+
+    for row_idx in 0..num_rows {
+        if sep_view.is_null(row_idx) {
+            builder.append_null();
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let separator = sep_view.value(row_idx);
+        buf.clear();
+        let mut first = true;
+
+        for view in &arg_views {
+            view.write_row(row_idx, separator, &mut buf, &mut first)?;
+        }
+
+        builder.append_value(&buf);
+    }
+
+    Ok(ColumnarValue::Array(Arc::new(builder.finish()) as ArrayRef))
+}
+
+/// Typed view over a string array that downcasts once and exposes
+/// per-row access without further dispatch.
+enum StringView<'a> {
+    Utf8(&'a StringArray),
+    LargeUtf8(&'a LargeStringArray),
+    Utf8View(&'a StringViewArray),
+}
+
+impl<'a> StringView<'a> {
+    fn try_new(arr: &'a ArrayRef) -> Result<Self> {
+        match arr.data_type() {
+            DataType::Utf8 => Ok(Self::Utf8(arr.as_string::<i32>())),
+            DataType::LargeUtf8 => Ok(Self::LargeUtf8(arr.as_string::<i64>())),
+            DataType::Utf8View => Ok(Self::Utf8View(arr.as_string_view())),
+            other => Err(unsupported_data_type_exec_err("concat_ws", "STRING", 
other)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn value(&self, idx: usize) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Utf8(a) => a.value(idx),
+            Self::LargeUtf8(a) => a.value(idx),
+            Self::Utf8View(a) => a.value(idx),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_null(&self, idx: usize) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::Utf8(a) => a.is_null(idx),
+            Self::LargeUtf8(a) => a.is_null(idx),
+            Self::Utf8View(a) => a.is_null(idx),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Per-argument view: a string array, a list of strings, or an all-null
+/// argument. The downcast happens once at construction time.
+enum ArgView<'a> {
+    Null,
+    Str(StringView<'a>),
+    List(&'a GenericListArray<i32>),
+    LargeList(&'a GenericListArray<i64>),
+}
+
+impl<'a> ArgView<'a> {
+    fn try_new(arr: &'a ArrayRef) -> Result<Self> {
+        match arr.data_type() {
+            DataType::Null => Ok(Self::Null),

Review Comment:
   same here



##########
datafusion/spark/src/function/string/concat_ws.rs:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+//! Spark-compatible `concat_ws`: joins strings (and array elements) with a 
separator.
+//!
+//! Null scalar args and null array elements are skipped; a null separator 
yields a
+//! null row. Non-string args are coerced to STRING; list args (`List`, 
`LargeList`,
+//! `ListView`, `LargeListView`, `FixedSizeList`) expand their elements.
+//!
+//! Differences with DataFusion core `concat_ws`:
+//! - Accepts list arguments and expands their elements
+//! - Always returns Utf8 (Spark's `STRING` type)
+//! - Coerces non-string scalars (numbers, booleans, dates, ...) to Utf8
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use arrow::array::{
+    Array, ArrayRef, AsArray, GenericListArray, LargeStringArray, 
OffsetSizeTrait,
+    StringArray, StringBuilder, StringViewArray,
+};
+use arrow::datatypes::DataType;
+use datafusion_common::{Result, ScalarValue};
+use datafusion_expr::{
+    ColumnarValue, ScalarFunctionArgs, ScalarUDFImpl, Signature, Volatility,
+};
+
+use crate::function::error_utils::{
+    invalid_arg_count_exec_err, unsupported_data_type_exec_err,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct SparkConcatWs {
+    signature: Signature,
+}
+
+impl Default for SparkConcatWs {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl SparkConcatWs {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            signature: Signature::user_defined(Volatility::Immutable),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ScalarUDFImpl for SparkConcatWs {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "concat_ws"
+    }
+
+    fn signature(&self) -> &Signature {
+        &self.signature
+    }
+
+    fn return_type(&self, _arg_types: &[DataType]) -> Result<DataType> {
+        Ok(DataType::Utf8)
+    }
+
+    fn coerce_types(&self, arg_types: &[DataType]) -> Result<Vec<DataType>> {
+        if arg_types.is_empty() {
+            return Err(invalid_arg_count_exec_err("concat_ws", (1, i32::MAX), 
0));
+        }
+        Ok(arg_types
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(i, dt)| match dt {
+                DataType::Utf8 | DataType::LargeUtf8 | DataType::Utf8View => 
dt.clone(),
+                // Non-separator list args expand their elements at runtime;
+                // normalize list variants so the kernel only sees 
List/LargeList.
+                DataType::List(f)
+                | DataType::ListView(f)
+                | DataType::FixedSizeList(f, _)
+                    if i > 0 =>
+                {
+                    DataType::List(Arc::clone(f))
+                }
+                DataType::LargeList(f) | DataType::LargeListView(f) if i > 0 
=> {
+                    DataType::LargeList(Arc::clone(f))
+                }
+                // Spark casts everything else (numbers, booleans, dates,
+                // binary, null...) to STRING.
+                _ => DataType::Utf8,
+            })
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    fn invoke_with_args(&self, args: ScalarFunctionArgs) -> 
Result<ColumnarValue> {
+        // Only separator provided → empty string (or NULL if separator is 
null).
+        // Arg-count validation happens in coerce_types at planning time.
+        if args.args.len() == 1 {
+            return only_separator(&args.args[0]);
+        }
+
+        spark_concat_ws(&args.args, args.number_rows)
+    }
+}
+
+fn only_separator(sep: &ColumnarValue) -> Result<ColumnarValue> {
+    match sep {
+        ColumnarValue::Scalar(s) if s.is_null() => {
+            Ok(ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(None)))
+        }
+        ColumnarValue::Scalar(_) => 
Ok(ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(Some(
+            String::new(),
+        )))),
+        ColumnarValue::Array(arr) => {
+            let mut builder = StringBuilder::with_capacity(arr.len(), 0);
+            for row_idx in 0..arr.len() {
+                if arr.is_null(row_idx) {
+                    builder.append_null();
+                } else {
+                    builder.append_value("");
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(ColumnarValue::Array(Arc::new(builder.finish()) as ArrayRef))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn spark_concat_ws(args: &[ColumnarValue], num_rows: usize) -> 
Result<ColumnarValue> {
+    let arrays = ColumnarValue::values_to_arrays(args)?;
+
+    // Untyped-NULL separator → every row is NULL. Returning a scalar is 
enough;
+    // the framework broadcasts it to `num_rows` nulls when needed.
+    if *arrays[0].data_type() == DataType::Null {
+        return Ok(ColumnarValue::Scalar(ScalarValue::Utf8(None)));
+    }
+
+    let sep_view = StringView::try_new(&arrays[0])?;
+    let arg_views: Vec<ArgView> = arrays[1..]
+        .iter()
+        .map(ArgView::try_new)
+        .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
+
+    let mut builder = StringBuilder::with_capacity(num_rows, num_rows * 16);
+    let mut buf = String::new();
+
+    for row_idx in 0..num_rows {
+        if sep_view.is_null(row_idx) {
+            builder.append_null();
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        let separator = sep_view.value(row_idx);
+        buf.clear();
+        let mut first = true;
+
+        for view in &arg_views {
+            view.write_row(row_idx, separator, &mut buf, &mut first)?;
+        }
+
+        builder.append_value(&buf);
+    }
+
+    Ok(ColumnarValue::Array(Arc::new(builder.finish()) as ArrayRef))
+}
+
+/// Typed view over a string array that downcasts once and exposes
+/// per-row access without further dispatch.
+enum StringView<'a> {
+    Utf8(&'a StringArray),
+    LargeUtf8(&'a LargeStringArray),
+    Utf8View(&'a StringViewArray),
+}
+
+impl<'a> StringView<'a> {
+    fn try_new(arr: &'a ArrayRef) -> Result<Self> {
+        match arr.data_type() {
+            DataType::Utf8 => Ok(Self::Utf8(arr.as_string::<i32>())),
+            DataType::LargeUtf8 => Ok(Self::LargeUtf8(arr.as_string::<i64>())),
+            DataType::Utf8View => Ok(Self::Utf8View(arr.as_string_view())),
+            other => Err(unsupported_data_type_exec_err("concat_ws", "STRING", 
other)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn value(&self, idx: usize) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Utf8(a) => a.value(idx),
+            Self::LargeUtf8(a) => a.value(idx),
+            Self::Utf8View(a) => a.value(idx),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_null(&self, idx: usize) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::Utf8(a) => a.is_null(idx),
+            Self::LargeUtf8(a) => a.is_null(idx),
+            Self::Utf8View(a) => a.is_null(idx),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Per-argument view: a string array, a list of strings, or an all-null
+/// argument. The downcast happens once at construction time.
+enum ArgView<'a> {
+    Null,
+    Str(StringView<'a>),
+    List(&'a GenericListArray<i32>),
+    LargeList(&'a GenericListArray<i64>),
+}
+
+impl<'a> ArgView<'a> {
+    fn try_new(arr: &'a ArrayRef) -> Result<Self> {
+        match arr.data_type() {
+            DataType::Null => Ok(Self::Null),
+            DataType::Utf8 | DataType::LargeUtf8 | DataType::Utf8View => {
+                Ok(Self::Str(StringView::try_new(arr)?))
+            }
+            DataType::List(_) => Ok(Self::List(arr.as_list::<i32>())),
+            DataType::LargeList(_) => 
Ok(Self::LargeList(arr.as_list::<i64>())),
+            other => Err(unsupported_data_type_exec_err(
+                "concat_ws",
+                "STRING or ARRAY<STRING>",
+                other,
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_row(
+        &self,
+        row_idx: usize,
+        sep: &str,
+        buf: &mut String,
+        first: &mut bool,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Null => {}
+            Self::Str(view) => {
+                if !view.is_null(row_idx) {
+                    push_part(buf, view.value(row_idx), sep, first);
+                }
+            }
+            Self::List(list) => write_list_row(*list, row_idx, sep, buf, 
first)?,
+            Self::LargeList(list) => write_list_row(*list, row_idx, sep, buf, 
first)?,
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn write_list_row<O: OffsetSizeTrait>(
+    list: &GenericListArray<O>,
+    row_idx: usize,
+    sep: &str,
+    buf: &mut String,
+    first: &mut bool,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    if list.is_null(row_idx) {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let values = list.value(row_idx);
+    // An empty array (e.g. `array()`) or an all-null-typed array contributes
+    // nothing — Spark renders it as the empty string, not an error.
+    if values.is_empty() || *values.data_type() == DataType::Null {
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+    let view = StringView::try_new(&values)?;

Review Comment:
   are we guaranteed that child types of lists are strings? i dont see this 
guarantee anywhere



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