Exactly, Lisa. Scholarly communication does not have to be a market, and I argue it is better if it is not.
Dr. Heather Morrison Associate Professor, School of Information Studies, University of Ottawa Professeur Agrégé, École des Sciences de l'Information, Université d'Ottawa Principal Investigator, Sustaining the Knowledge Commons, a SSHRC Insight Project sustainingknowledgecommons.org heather.morri...@uottawa.ca https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/?lang=en#/members/706 [On research sabbatical July 1, 2019 - June 30, 2020] ________________________________ From: goal-boun...@eprints.org <goal-boun...@eprints.org> on behalf of Lisa Hinchliffe <lisalibrar...@gmail.com> Sent: Wednesday, September 4, 2019 1:28:40 PM To: Global Open Access List (Successor of AmSci) <goal@eprints.org> Subject: Re: [GOAL] How to manage APC waivers and discounts Attention : courriel externe | external email I agree these are interesting projects/products/goods. However, as examples they aren't examples of a market are they? ___ Lisa Janicke Hinchliffe lisalibrar...@gmail.com<mailto:lisalibrar...@gmail.com> On Wed, Sep 4, 2019 at 12:22 PM Heather Morrison <heather.morri...@uottawa.ca<mailto:heather.morri...@uottawa.ca>> wrote: Two examples of transparent pricing: SSHRC Aid to Scholarly Journals (Canad): http://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/funding-financement/programs-programmes/scholarly_journals-revues_savantes-eng.aspx This is a peer-reviewed journal subsidy program. The $ value, journal eligibility, application and review process, are all clearly articulated. Canada is not unusual in subsidizing journal publishing. In areas such as the social sciences, humanities and arts, this is necessary because local knowledge is important (everywhere). Law is an important topic in every country, but Canadian law is most relevant in Canada and for scholarship to flourish in this area, scholars need publication venues. This is true of history, culture/arts, local social and environmental issues. Some knowledge is universal; some knowledge is specific to a particular region, group, environment, etc. One key benefit of this model is cost. The base - maximum per journal is $30 - $35,000 per year (Cdn). At the mid-point of $32,500, a journal publishing 40 peer-reviewed articles per year would receive about $850 Canadian per article. Per-journal funding eliminates the need to count articles and gives journals flexibility to increase or decrease volume based on need. The funding in Canadian dollars gives journals budgeting stability, as costs such as local journal hosting and staffing costs are in Canadian dollars as well. Currency fluctuations are a problem in budgeting for many journals. As Salhab & I discussed here, https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/2015/05/13/how-a-flat-apc-with-no-price-increase-for-3-years-can-be-a-6-77-price-increase/ PLOS One's flat pricing in USD over 3 years was in effect a 6 - 77% price increase for authors and funders based on country and local currency. To illustrate the potential with a full flip using this kind of approach: The Canadian Research Knowledge Network (CRKN) spends approximately $100 million per year on subscriptions / purchase and some OA transitional funding. CRKN is just one of the academic library sources of funding in Canada. There are other regional consortia, such as the Ontario Council of University Libraries. Also, large university libraries such as the University of Ottawa and University of Toronto also spend considerably sums. If the CRKN's 100 million per year were transformed to support a subsidy program modeled on that of SSHRC, this amount could subsidize over 3,000 scholarly journals (at the rate in between the base and maximum). This example is meant just as an illustration; we also need to fund book publication and new forms of publication such as research blog archiving and data publication, but it is not clear that Canada would need 3,000 journals and there are there existing sources of funding as mentioned in the paragraph above. Another important advantage of this model is ensuring academic leadership and hence prioritizing quality. Journal-level peer-review, by academics, greatly reduces the likelihood of predatory publishing. Journal publishing by academic editors whose promotions depend on the quality of their scholarship is more likely to prioritize quality than commercial outfits seeking APC $ for profit. B This model also provides local jobs and leadership opportunities for local academics and their universities. Further detail from publishers of such journals via interviews is available here: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/leap.1015 Another example of transparent costing is the Public Knowledge Project's Open Journal Systems. The software per se is open source and free for anyone to download, use, and contribute to the community. PKP also offers a journal hosting service; prices are posted on the website that detail what is provided for each service: https://pkpservices.sfu.ca/content/journal-hosting There are other examples, and I encourage others on the list to point to them. I am providing just a couple of examples that I am familiar with and consider good models. These are not perfect models, there is always room for improvement, but good models that are easily overlooked. This is because academic-led publishing is led by academics who will tend to go to their disciplinary conferences and participate in disciplinary discussions, so you will not meet many of them at conferences like OASPA, ALPSPS, SSP, etc., or hear from them on the GOAL discussion list. In the interests of full disclosure, my funder (SSRHC) is responsible for the Aid to Scholarly Journals program and provided the seed funding for what is now the Public Knowledge Project. As of a few years ago, about half the fully open access journals in the world were using PKP's Open Journal Systems, so I argue that this modest research funding was a very valuable global contribution (thanks to founder John Willinsky, now at Stanford). best, Dr. Heather Morrison Associate Professor, School of Information Studies, University of Ottawa Professeur Agrégé, École des Sciences de l'Information, Université d'Ottawa Principal Investigator, Sustaining the Knowledge Commons, a SSHRC Insight Project sustainingknowledgecommons.org<http://sustainingknowledgecommons.org> heather.morri...@uottawa.ca<mailto:heather.morri...@uottawa.ca> https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/?lang=en#/members/706 [On research sabbatical July 1, 2019 - June 30, 2020] ________________________________ From: goal-boun...@eprints.org<mailto:goal-boun...@eprints.org> <goal-boun...@eprints.org<mailto:goal-boun...@eprints.org>> on behalf of Lisa Hinchliffe <lisalibrar...@gmail.com<mailto:lisalibrar...@gmail.com>> Sent: Wednesday, September 4, 2019 12:11 PM To: Global Open Access List (Successor of AmSci) <goal@eprints.org<mailto:goal@eprints.org>> Subject: Re: [GOAL] How to manage APC waivers and discounts Attention : courriel externe | external email With this analysis, I'm not sure there is such a thing as a transparent market then. Is there? ___ Lisa Janicke Hinchliffe lisalibrar...@gmail.com<mailto:lisalibrar...@gmail.com> On Wed, Sep 4, 2019 at 11:01 AM Heather Morrison <heather.morri...@uottawa.ca<mailto:heather.morri...@uottawa.ca>> wrote: hi Lisa, Thanks for the question. If one individual author, institution, or funder looks at the publisher's website and sees a price (list price), but do not know that others do not pay that price, that is a lack of transparency. This is similar to going to buy a car and thinking the sticker price is the price, not knowing that negotiation is common or how much to ask for. The savvy buyer (perhaps a rich person who buys lots of cars) may pay less and/or get more options than the non-savvy buyer. If publishers are negotiating pricing with institutions and funders, and list price is the starting point for negotiations, this is an incentive to increase the list price for the next negotiation. For example, double the price so you can offer the next group buyer a 50% discount. The early bird institution / funder can argue for historical funding to keep prices down but newer entrants are stuck at a higher historical basis. OpenAPC does help in making what people pay open, assuming that downstream negotiators are aware of this. Publishers have no incentive to educate on this point. These kinds of strategies were and probably still are used for subscriptions, and are not unique to publishing. This is understandable, but the result is a non-transparent market that seems likely to continue the dysfunctional elements of the subscriptions market into OA. List members who feel they do not have the background to understand things like business and nonprofit approaches to pricing strategy probably know more than they realize. Some common real-world examples: When you sell a house or a car, you will probably seek the highest price you can, what the market will bear. This is the same strategy Elsevier uses when they quote you the highest price they think you will pay, or MDPI charges the highest APC they think authors will pay. In any of these cases, the seller may start with a high quote as it is easy to reduce the price but very difficult to increase it after a low initial offer. When a government funds a public university on the basis of the number of FTE students, on the assumption that it cost x amount to provide an education, that is cost-based budgeting. Similarly, if a research institution receives x annual funding (from a government or philanthropic institution), on the assumption that this will accomplish certain research goals, that is cost-based budgeting. In scholarly publishing, buyers (libraries, institutions, funders) tend to be under cost-based budgeting while commercial publishers (subscriptions or OA) work under market conditions. This is a fundamental conflict that led to dysfunction in the subscriptions market (serials crisis) and may do the same in OA, assuming commercial market-oriented publishers. Potential remedies include non-commercial approaches such as library hosted publishing services and modest cost-based journal subsidies, and institutional open access archives and new services based on them. best, Dr. Heather Morrison Associate Professor, School of Information Studies, University of Ottawa Professeur Agrégé, École des Sciences de l'Information, Université d'Ottawa Principal Investigator, Sustaining the Knowledge Commons, a SSHRC Insight Project sustainingknowledgecommons.org<http://sustainingknowledgecommons.org> heather.morri...@uottawa.ca<mailto:heather.morri...@uottawa.ca> https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/?lang=en#/members/706 [On research sabbatical July 1, 2019 - June 30, 2020] ________________________________ From: goal-boun...@eprints.org<mailto:goal-boun...@eprints.org> <goal-boun...@eprints.org<mailto:goal-boun...@eprints.org>> on behalf of Lisa Hinchliffe <lisalibrar...@gmail.com<mailto:lisalibrar...@gmail.com>> Sent: Wednesday, September 4, 2019 10:51:10 AM To: Global Open Access List (Successor of AmSci) <goal@eprints.org<mailto:goal@eprints.org>> Subject: Re: [GOAL] How to manage APC waivers and discounts Attention : courriel externe | external email Heather, can you explain a bit your claim that different people paying different prices means the market isn't transparent? Is that inherently non-transparent? Or, are you suggesting the issue is that it isn't publicly known what the different prices are? Lisa ___ Lisa Janicke Hinchliffe lisalibrar...@gmail.com<mailto:lisalibrar...@gmail.com> On Wed, Sep 4, 2019 at 9:37 AM Heather Morrison <heather.morri...@uottawa.ca<mailto:heather.morri...@uottawa.ca>> wrote: Dirk says with respect to OpenAPCs: "the real costs for academic institutions and funders...deviate from list prices for various reasons". If correct, as I assume it is, this is not a transparent market. For example, I assume this means authors who are not covered by institutions or funders are expected to pay list price (unless they negotiate an individual waiver), and different institutions and funders pay different prices for the same service, based on their ability to negotiate. The information on a publisher's website gives the list price and often has a waiver of 50% for authors from low to middle income countries. Is this half of a price that no one in the richest institutions actually pays? Is it sometimes more than a rich institution actually pays for one of its authors? best, Dr. Heather Morrison Associate Professor, School of Information Studies, University of Ottawa Professeur Agrégé, École des Sciences de l'Information, Université d'Ottawa Principal Investigator, Sustaining the Knowledge Commons, a SSHRC Insight Project sustainingknowledgecommons.org<http://sustainingknowledgecommons.org> heather.morri...@uottawa.ca<mailto:heather.morri...@uottawa.ca> https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/?lang=en#/members/706 [On research sabbatical July 1, 2019 - June 30, 2020] ________________________________ From: goal-boun...@eprints.org<mailto:goal-boun...@eprints.org> <goal-boun...@eprints.org<mailto:goal-boun...@eprints.org>> on behalf of Pieper, Dirk <dirk.pie...@uni-bielefeld.de<mailto:dirk.pie...@uni-bielefeld.de>> Sent: Wednesday, September 4, 2019 4:30:09 AM To: Global Open Access List (Successor of AmSci) <goal@eprints.org<mailto:goal@eprints.org>> Subject: Re: [GOAL] How to manage APC waivers and discounts Attention : courriel externe | external email Dear Heather, thank you, I fully agree. Just some additional remarks: The monitoring of publishers list prices is very important, the approach of OpenAPC is to monitor the real costs per article for academic institutions and funders, which deviate from list prices for various reasons. Both ways should be regarded as complementary. I also see the biggest challenge at the moment in creating the above mentioned cost transparency for articles within transformative agreements, especially if they are mixed up with costs for reading access and when historical subscription expenditures of consortia and participating institutions are involved. APCs and so called PAR fees are different of course but in the end they both put a price tag on an OA article. Funders and academic institutions then can make their decisions, which way of OA transition or which publishers they can support with public money within their limited budgets. Leaving out authors is always a mess. I remember editors in our university, who could not read their own journals, because we as a library were not able to pay the license for reading … Best, Dirk Von: goal-boun...@eprints.org<mailto:goal-boun...@eprints.org> [mailto:goal-boun...@eprints.org<mailto:goal-boun...@eprints.org>] Im Auftrag von Heather Morrison Gesendet: Dienstag, 3. September 2019 21:07 An: Global Open Access List (Successor of AmSci) <goal@eprints.org<mailto:goal@eprints.org>> Betreff: Re: [GOAL] How to manage APC waivers and discounts Every model for transitioning to open access has its advantages and disadvantages. One of the potential benefits of the article processing charge method is transparency, which in theory could lead to more price and cost sensibility as Dirk describes. I was more optimistic about this potential in the past than I am today. OA journals and publishers' websites are full of information about APCs being paid for by institutions, funders, not out of authors' pockets. If funders pay for APCs, the cost may be transparent to authors and universities, but who pays attention when someone else is paying? In the transformative (subscriptions + open access) deals, APCs are no more transparent than subscriptions, and based on my prior experience negotiating licensing deals, these combined deals may make both the subscriptions and the APC costs more obscure, because ultimately, buyers and sellers of big deals are agreeing on a bundled price rather than a cost structure, never mind a transparent cost structure. Such deals have a strong potential to alter the APC market, because low APCs might seem to publishers as a weakness in negotiating. Also, for traditional scholarly publishers who have extensive back lists of works for which they own copyright (a major financial asset), the best case scenario is complete failure of the open access movement. New publishers who rely on APCs (e.g. PLOS, Hindawi, MDPI) have incentive to transform the entire system, but not traditional highly profitable publishers like SpringerNature and Elsevier. One of the strong drawbacks of APC is leaving out authors who cannot afford the fees. This is not just authors in low income countries. As Peter Murray-Rust helpfully pointed out recently, active retiree scholars like PMR do not have funding for APCs, either. This is also likely to be true of emerging scholars in the developed world who are in the process of trying to establish a career. Even if every university and research institution covered APCs for regular full-time researchers, it is unlikely that future such researchers would be covered. Another reason to be cautious about the potential of APC to achieve cost and pricing stability is that whether this will happen or whether we will see a continuation of the decades-old inelastic market for scholarly publishing in an open access market remains to be seen. Will authors see the cost and seek cost-effective publishing solutions? Or, will the underlying dynamic behind the inelastic market - "must purchase / subscribe" simply shift to "must-publish-in"? To date, based on our longitudinal APC study, while there is not enough data to draw firm conclusions, there is enough evidence of transitioning the inelastic market into APCs to warrant concern. As we have reported in the past few years, price increases that are far beyond inflationary levels, applied to already substantial prices, have been observed among both traditional-transitioning and new OA-only publishers. Select examples: SpringerOpen 2018/2019: 8% increase in average APC; 36% of journals, the ones with the highest volumes, increased in price at rates from double the inflation rate to double the price. https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/2019/08/13/springeropen-pricing-trends-2018-2019/ Frontiers 2018/2019: while the average APC increase is only 3%, 40% of Frontiers journals increased in price from 2018/2019 by 18% - 31% (the EU inflation rate is below 2% for this time frame). https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/2019/04/30/frontiers-in-2019-3-increase-in-average-apc/ MDPI 2018/2019: "In brief: MDPI has increased prices, in many cases quite substantially (some prices have more than tripled). Even more price increases are anticipated in July 2019, which will have the effect of doubling the average APC and tripling the most common APC. Unlike other publishers’ practices, there are no price decreases". https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/2019/02/13/mdpi-2019-price-increases-some-hefty-and-more-coming-in-july/ Kudos to Dr. Franck Vasquez, MDPI's CEO, for open discussion about similar price increases in 2018. The key takeaway I was hoping for in the case of new APC based publishers like MDPI is an understanding that this kind of price increases (market-based pricing) is not compatible with budgets of payers (libraries, universities and funding agencies' budgets are based on costs and resource availability). This fundamental conflict seems very likely to drive an inelastic, unsustainable APC market. However, after this open, transparent conversation, here we are again in 2019 with new OA publishers pursuing exactly the same pricing strategy. To conclude, while my team spends a lot of time studying APC trends, this does not imply endorsement of the method. In the past, I advocated for APCs as a way to introduce transparency and competition into the market. Today, I urge caution and strongly encourage consideration of other models. For example, direct subsidy models such as providing infrastructure for publishing and archives at the university or research organization and supporting editorial work (e.g. modest subsidy to pay for support staff) is much more efficient than APC, which is in effect an indirect subsidy model. If transparency is sought, universities and funding agencies, at least in my part of the world, have a solid reputation for seeking accountability for every cost incurred. best, Dr. Heather Morrison Associate Professor, School of Information Studies, University of Ottawa Professeur Agrégé, École des Sciences de l'Information, Université d'Ottawa Principal Investigator, Sustaining the Knowledge Commons, a SSHRC Insight Project sustainingknowledgecommons.org<http://sustainingknowledgecommons.org> heather.morri...@uottawa.ca<mailto:heather.morri...@uottawa.ca> https://uniweb.uottawa.ca/?lang=en#/members/706 [On research sabbatical July 1, 2019 - June 30, 2020] ________________________________ From: goal-boun...@eprints.org<mailto:goal-boun...@eprints.org> <goal-boun...@eprints.org<mailto:goal-boun...@eprints.org>> on behalf of Pieper, Dirk <dirk.pie...@uni-bielefeld.de<mailto:dirk.pie...@uni-bielefeld.de>> Sent: Monday, September 2, 2019 4:00 AM To: Global Open Access List (Successor of AmSci) <goal@eprints.org<mailto:goal@eprints.org>> Subject: Re: [GOAL] How to manage APC waivers and discounts Attention : courriel externe | external email Dear all, (a) even in “richer” countries it is necessary to reduce APC prices because of limited budgets of academic institutions and funder policies. In many cases authors and libraries are successful to get reduced APCs from publishers (b) I agree that APCs are in most cases not related to the costs of producing an article, but they indicate the costs for institutions or authors to publish OA in journals with certain publishers. That is a progress compared to the subscription system, because this is slowly leading to more price and cost sensibility. That is why I like APCs :)) … Best, Dirk Von: goal-boun...@eprints.org<mailto:goal-boun...@eprints.org> [mailto:goal-boun...@eprints.org] Im Auftrag von Peter Murray-Rust Gesendet: Samstag, 31. August 2019 17:18 An: Global Open Access List (Successor of AmSci) <goal@eprints.org<mailto:goal@eprints.org>> Cc: wam...@list.nih.gov<mailto:wam...@list.nih.gov>; radicalopenacc...@jiscmail.ac.uk<mailto:radicalopenacc...@jiscmail.ac.uk>; scholcomm <scholc...@lists.ala.org<mailto:scholc...@lists.ala.org>> Betreff: Re: [GOAL] How to manage APC waivers and discounts Thank you Chris, I feel exactly as you do, maybe more. This is wrong on several counts. (a) as you say it requires the underprivileged (the "scholarly poor") to beg. Some journals give lower prices for World Bank LMIC countries - but often Brasil and India are classified as high-income. Even reducing the price to half is impossible for many countries. (b) the APC is NOT cost-related (see another post form me about DEAL). DEAL pays Springer the price of an article (2750 E) whereas the cost of processing is ca 400 E (Grossman and Brembs, 2019) Costs are almost never transparent, therefore cause prices to be whatever the publisher can get away with. This adds another layer of injustice. I am affected by the APCs. I am on the board of two journals and being retired have to pay and APC myself. I feel diminished if I have to ask to get a waiver, and in any case it looks very unethical to gve waivers to the board. I therefore cannot publish in the journals that I give my time freely to. The system is now completely out of date. Many places and organizations CAN run platinum journals (no fee open to all). It's more ethical equitable and makes knowledge fully available. 70% of climate papers are behind paywalls. Making a no-fee publish system is the only way to get the knowledge flowing. My software can read 10000 papers in a morning, but the broken societal system prevents that. P. On Sat, Aug 31, 2019 at 2:17 PM Chris Zielinski <ch...@chriszielinski.com<mailto:ch...@chriszielinski.com>> wrote: (Apologies for cross-posting) This is to raise a question about how editors of Open Access journals that demand an article processing charge (APC) should deal with discounts for non-institutional authors or those from poorer countries. The offering of substantial APC waivers to authors from specific countries or to researchers with financial constraints in specific cases is familiar. My question relates to the way in which such discounts are offered. Usually, a researcher needs to assert or demonstrate his/her inability to pay the APC before getting relief. The problem is that obliging researcher to request a lower or zero APC feels a bit like inviting them to beg – and the result often seems to depend on the benevolence and good humour of the editor, responding on an individual, case-by-case basis, rather than by applying some pre-established rule. This is surely not good enough. It can’t be correct and ethical scientific practice to require unsupported authors to face the embarrassment of having to turn out their pockets and demonstrate the holes in their socks before they get a discount. Any views on this? Should there be a norm among OA journals that each should adopt a standardized system to determine APC charges (ranging from 0 to the full APC, depending on an explicit list of circumstances), avoiding the need for any negotiation? Best, Chris Chris Zielinski ch...@chriszielinski.com<mailto:ch...@chriszielinski.com> Blogs: http://ziggytheblue.wordpress.com and http://ziggytheblue.tumblr.com Research publications: http://www.researchgate.net _______________________________________________ GOAL mailing list GOAL@eprints.org<mailto:GOAL@eprints.org> http://mailman.ecs.soton.ac.uk/mailman/listinfo/goal -- "I always retain copyright in my papers, and nothing in any contract I sign with any publisher will override that fact. You should do the same". Peter Murray-Rust Reader Emeritus in Molecular Informatics Unilever Centre, Dept. Of Chemistry University of Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK +44-1223-763069 _______________________________________________ GOAL mailing list GOAL@eprints.org<mailto:GOAL@eprints.org> http://mailman.ecs.soton.ac.uk/mailman/listinfo/goal _______________________________________________ GOAL mailing list GOAL@eprints.org<mailto:GOAL@eprints.org> http://mailman.ecs.soton.ac.uk/mailman/listinfo/goal _______________________________________________ GOAL mailing list GOAL@eprints.org<mailto:GOAL@eprints.org> http://mailman.ecs.soton.ac.uk/mailman/listinfo/goal
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